1. Wireless Generations 1G, 2G & 3G Syed Azhar Hussain 99-CE-282

2. Outline Cellular Network Concept First Generation AMPS
Second Generation
Cellular Access Technologies
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
GSM
Third Generation
UMTS

3. Cell Concept Cell phone is basically a radio
Combination of telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) and wireless communications (Guglielmo Marconi)
Originally used powerful radio telephones
Problems
Needed to be very powerful
Not many distinct frequencies (50)
Finally split cities into cells to allow cell reuse and reduce the required power – the cell concept
Each cell has a tower
About 800 frequencies across a cell
Size of cell is about 10 sq. miles
One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is really a radio -- an extremely sophisticated radio, but a radio nonetheless. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, and wireless communication can trace its roots to the invention of the radio in 1894 by a young Italian named Guglielmo Marconi. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined!
In the dark ages before cell phones, people who really needed mobile communications ability installed radio telephones in their cars. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per city, and perhaps 25 channels available on that tower. This central antenna meant that the phone in your car needed a powerful transmitter -- big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many people could use radio telephones -- there just were not enough channels.
The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This allows extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can use cell phones simultaneously. In a typical analog cell phone system in the United States, the cell phone carrier receives about 800 frequencies to use across the city. The carrier chops up the city into cells. Each cell is typically sized at about 10 square miles (26 square kilometers).

4. Basics
Mobile: Any radio terminal that could be moved during operation or a radio
terminal that is attached to a high-speed mobile platform (e.g. a cellular
telephone in a fast moving vehicle) whereas the portable describes a radio
terminal that can be hand-held and used by someone at walking speed.
Subscriber: A mobile or portable user (user pay fee).
Subscriber Unit or Mobile Station: Each user communication device.
Mobiles or Users: Collective group of users in a wireless system. Many users
may actually user portable terminals.
Base Stations: A fixed stations in a mobile radio system used for
communication with mobile stations. They are located at the center or on the
edge of a coverage region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and
receiver antennas mounted on a tower.
Mobile Switching Center: Switching center, which coordinates the routing of
calls in large service area. In a cellular radio system, MSC connects cellular
base station and the mobiles to the PSTN. An MSC is also called a mobile
telephone switching office (MSTSO).

5. Basics
Control Channel: Radio Channels used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon or control purpose.
Forward Channel: Transmission of information from the base to a mobile
station.
Reverse Channel: Transmission of information from the mobile to a base
Roamer: A mobile station, which operates in a service area (market) other
than that from which service has been subscribe.
Handoff: The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or
base station to another.
Page: A brief message, which is broadcast over the entire service area.

6. Classification
Simplex: Communication is possible in only one direction (no acknowledge) e.g. Paging Systems.
Half duplex: Communication is bi directional but use same channel for both receiving and transmission (push-to-talk and release-to-listen).
Half duplex: Communication is bi directional but allows simultaneous transmission and reception b/w subscriber and base station. Implemented by FDD (frequency division duplex; separate channel) or TDD (time division duplex; adjacent time slots).

7. PSTN Generic WCS (Wireless Communication System) Switch
Base
Station
Base
Station
Switch
PSTN
(Public Switched
Telephone Network)
Handset
Handset

8. Cellular Communications
Cells
Radio Tower Frequencies
Clusters
Frequency Reuse
Cell Splitting
Handoff
PSTN
Slide History
Created – Sept 1998 – Anu Gupta

9. Cellular Call Setup
1. Phone scans for towers for strongest signal on control channel
2.Transmit Mobile Identification Number (MIN), Electronic Serial Number (ESN), and telephone number
3. MTSO sets up call
All cell phones have special codes associated with them. These codes are used to identify the phone, the phone's owner and the service provider.
Let's say you have a cell phone, you turned it on, and someone tries to call you. Here is what happens to the call:
When you first power up the phone, it listens for an SID on the control channel. The control channel is a special frequency that the phone and base station use to talk to one another about things like call set-up and channel-changing. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range, and displays a "no service" message.
When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the SID programmed into the phone. If the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell it is communicating with is part of its home system.
Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a registration request, and the MTSO keeps track of your phone's location in a database -- this way, the MTSO knows which cell you are in when it wants to ring your phone.
The MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you. It looks in its database to see which cell you are in.
The MTSO picks a frequency pair that your phone will use in that cell to take the call.
The MTSO communicates with your phone over the control channel to tell it what frequencies to use, and once your phone and the tower switch on those frequencies, the call is connected. You are talking by two-way radio to a friend!
As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell's base station will note that your signal strength is diminishing. Meanwhile, the base station in the cell you are moving toward (which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, not just its own one-seventh) will be able to see your phone's signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. This hand off switches your phone to the new cell.
PSTN
Car Phone = 2W
Mobile
Cellular Service Subscriber
Telephone
Hand Phone = 0.7W
Switching
Office
MTSO

10. Wireless “Generations”
First Generation (1989)
Analog voice using FM channels
Also called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
Solved the issue of “mobility”

11. Multiple Access
The basis for any mobile system is its air interface design, and
particularly the way the common transmission medium is shared
between users, that is, multiple access scheme.
Multiple access scheme defines how the radio spectrum is
divided into channels, and how the channels separate the
different users of the system.
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA

12. AMPS AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone System
Analog cell phone standard deployed across North America
Approved by FCC in 1983 – first deployed in Chicago
Utilizes 824MHz-894MHz frequencies
832 available frequencies
790 Voice
42 Data (signaling)
30 KHz wide – voice quality
FDMA
NAMPS – Narrowband AMPS –
3x AMPS capacity
In 1983, the analog cell phone standard called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was approved by the FCC and first used in Chicago. AMPS uses a range of frequencies between 824 MHz and 894 MHz for analog cell phones. In order to encourage competition and keep prices low, the U. S. government required the presence of two carriers in every market, known as A and B carriers. One of the carriers was normally the local exchange carrier (LEC), a fancy way of saying the local phone company.
Carriers A and B are each assigned 832 frequencies: 790 for voice and another 42 for data. A pair of frequencies (one for transmit and one for receive) is used to create one channel. The frequencies used in analog voice channels are typically 30 kHz wide. The reason that 30 kHz was chosen as the standard size is because it gives you voice quality comparable to a wired telephone.
The transmit and receive frequencies of each voice channel are separated by 45 MHz to keep them from interfering with each other. Each carrier has 395 voice channels, as well as 21 data channels to use for housekeeping activities like registration, paging, etc.
A version of AMPS known as Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service (NAMPS) incorporates some digital technology to allow the system to carry about three times as many calls as the original version. Even though it uses digital technology, it is still considered analog. AMPS and NAMPS only operate in the 800 MHz band and do not offer many of the features common in digital cellular service such as and Web browsing.

13. Wireless “Generations”
2G - Second Generation (1998)
Digital modulation used for speech compression
Still a voice-only network, except for limited circuit switched data capability
Several different system types:
TDMA - time division multiple access
CDMA - code division multiple access
GSM - global mobile system (the original acronym is French) – Group Special Mobile.
Solved the issue of “capacity”

14. Cellular Access Technologies
There are three common technologies used by cell phone networks for transmitting information:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA puts each call on a separate frequency.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
TDMA assigns each call a certain portion of time on a designated frequency.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
CDMA gives a unique code to each call and spreads it over the available frequencies.
The last part of each name is multiple access. This simply means that more than one user (multiple) can use (access) each cell.
There are three common technologies used by cell phone networks for transmitting information:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Although these technologies sound very intimidating, you can get a good sense of how they work just by breaking down the title of each one. The first word tells you what the access method is and the second word, division, lets you know that it splits calls based on that access method.
FDMA puts each call on a separate frequency.
TDMA assigns each call a certain portion of time on a designated frequency.
CDMA gives a unique code to each call and spreads it over the available frequencies.
The last part of each name is multiple access. This simply means that more than one user (multiple) can use (access) each cell.

15. FDMA
In a FDMA system, the total system bandwidth is divided into several frequency channels that are allocated to users.
MHz
45 MHz
893.7 MHz

16. TDMA
In a TDMA system, one frequency channel is divided into time slots that are allocated to users, and the users only transmit during their assigned timeslots. Examples of demand-assignment contention less protocols are token bus and token ring LANs described by the IEEE in the and standards.
6.7MS
MHz
Digital decoding
Digital encoding
893.7 MHz

17. CDMA
CDMA takes an entirely different approach from TDMA. CDMA, after digitizing data, spreads it out over the entire bandwidth it has available. Multiple calls are overlaid over each other on the channel, with each assigned a unique sequence code. CDMA is a form of spread spectrum, which simply means that data is sent in small pieces over a number of the discrete frequencies available for use at any time in the specified range.
1850MHz
Digital decoding
Digital decoding
1990MHz
CDMA

18. GSM GSM – Groupe Spécial Mobile
GSM is an international digital cellular standard in Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa
Originally, the acronym GSM stood for Groupe Spécial Mobile, a group formed by the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) in 1982 to research the merits of a European standard for mobile telecommunications.
Commercial service using the GSM system did not actually start until 1991.
GSM was developed as a digital system using TDMA technology.

19. GSM GSM uses TDMA 900 MHz – 1800 MHz (Europe and Asia)
1900 MHz (North America)
Used for digital PCS services
One phone for all standard GSM worldwide except North America
To switch providers – switch SIM (subscriber identification modules) cards
TDMA is also used as the access technology for Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). However, GSM implements TDMA in a somewhat different and incompatible way from IS-136. Think of GSM and IS-136 as two different operating systems that work on the same processor, like Windows and Linux both working on an Intel Pentium III. GSM systems use encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz (sometimes referred to as 1.9 GHz) band in the United States. It is used in digital cellular and PCS-based systems. GSM is also the basis for Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN), a popular system introduced by Motorola and used by Nextel.
GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. In covered areas, cell-phone-users can buy one phone that will work anywhere else the standard is supported. To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries, GSM-users simply switch subscriber identification module (SIM) cards. SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones. They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need to access a particular wireless service provider.
Unfortunately, the 1900 MHz GSM phones used in the United States are not compatible with the international system. If you live in the United States and need to have a cell phone access when you're overseas, the easiest thing to do is buy a GSM 900MHz/1800MHz cell phone for traveling. You can get these phones from Planet Omni, an online electronics firm based in California. They offer a wide selection of Nokia, Motorola and Ericsson GSM phones. They don't sell international SIM cards, however. You can pick up prepaid SIM cards for a wide range of countries at Telestial.com.

20. GSM Features Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
Data networking
Short Message Service (SMS) for text messages and paging
Call forwarding
Caller ID
Call waiting

21. GSM Network Architecture
BSS
NSS Um
BTS
MSC
BSC
TRAU
Abis
Ater A
PSTN MS
VLR
MS – Mobile Station
BSS – Base Station Subsystem
BTS – Base Trans Station
BSC – Base Station Controller
TRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation Unit
MSC – Mobile Switching Centre
NSS – Network Switching Subsystem
VLR – Visitor Location Register
HLR – Home Location Register
AuC – Authentication Centre C
HLR/
AuC D
A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of two major subsystems: the radio subsystem called the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and the Network and switching SubSystem (NSS).
In order to ensure that network operators have several sources of cellular infrastructure equipment, GSM decided to specify not only the radio interface, but also the main interfaces that identify different parts. They are three different dominant interfaces, named:
Um interface between the MS (Mobile Station) and BTS (Base Transceiver Station),
Abis interface between BTS and BSC (Base Station Controller), and
A interface between the BSC and NSS.
The Base Station Subsystem includes the equipment and functions related to the management of the connection on the radio path, including the handover treatment. It mainly consists of a BTS, BSC, and its aside component part: the Transcoder / Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU). TRAU is called TransCoder Unit (TCU) within Nortel Networks products range.
The Network and switching SubSystem includes the equipment and functions related to end-to-end-calls, management of subscribers, mobility, and interfaces with the fixed network, called Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
In particular, the Network and switching SubSystem consist of Mobile services Switching Centers (MSC), Visitor Location Registers (VLR), Home Location Registers (HLR), Authentication Center (AuC).

22. Evolving Standards and Terminology
1st Generation
AMPS
Bell Wireless Alliance
Cantel
2nd Generation
IS-95A (CDMA) and IS-136 (TDMA)
Bell Wireless Alliance (CDMA)
ATT Rogers (Cantel) (TDMA)
Clearnet (CDMA)
Microcell (GSM)

23. Wireless “Generations”
Packet switched data at rates up to 144 kbps
Several different types:
GPRS - evolved from GSM
1xRTT - evolved from CDMA
Will require a Core IP Network
Solves the issue of “mobility” with packet data

24. GPRS GPRS – General Packet Radio Services An evolution of GSM
Higher speed data services
GPRS has seamless interface capabilities to TCP/IP

25. From GSM to GSM/GPRS Network
BTS
BSC
TRAU Um
Abis
Ater A
PCU
Agprs
Frame
Relay
Backbone Gb
MSC
VLR
PSTN
SGSN
Private IP
GGSN Gn
External
Packet Networks
Intranet, Internet Gi
HLR/
AuC D C Gr MS
The support of GPRS does not represent a major upgrade to the existing GSM infrastructure.
The largest impact is the addition of two new network entities, the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). There is no hardware impact to the BTSs and overall GPRS represents a software upgrade to the BSS, except for the introduction of PCUs to support the packet oriented nature of the Gb interface, logically between the PCU and the SGSN.
The architecture of GPRS is designed so that signaling and high level data protocols are system independent. Only the low level protocols in the radio interface must be changed to be able of operating the same service.
The main functions of SGSN are:
to detect and record GPRS MS in its service area,
to send/receive data packets to/from the MS.
The main function of GGSN is to forward data packets between an external packet network and the GPRS network.
In addition to routing and data transfer functions, the SGSNs and GGSNs collect charging statistics that are commonly used as a basis for billing.
MS – Mobile Station
BSS – Base Station Subsystem
BTS – Base Trans Station
BSC – Base Station Controller
TRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation Unit
MSC – Mobile Switching Centre
NSS – Network Switching Subsystem
VLR – Visitor Location Register
HLR – Home Location Register
AuC – Authentication Centre\
SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node

26. Research in Motion
GPRS in Canada/US
BlackBerry

27. Wireless “Generations”
3G -Third Generation (future)
Packet switched data at rates up to 2.4 Mbps
ITU standard - standards still evolving
Adds the high data rate component and quality of service parameters
Introduces an Open Standard concept that will foster increased development of wireless applications, much like the Internet.

28. UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Third Generation (3G) Technology
Uses W-CDMA, FDD, TDD
Phase 1, called Release 1999 (R99) is an evolution of the GSM network architecture
Key features:
Open standards based
all IP in the core
decentralized network
service based
In plain English : a network that will allow IP devices to roam while providing 384 kbps to 2 Mbps access rates.
If successful, may become the “World Standard”

29. UMTS Will provide 2 Mbps in a local environment
Will provide 384 kbps at highway velocities
Will use IP over ATM to control different data types:
controlling data latency and quality
Will use W-CDMA-FDD for macro mobility at 144 kbps
Will use W-CDMA-TDD for micro mobility at 2 Mbps
Two-way conversational video or audio requires 100 ms latency, and accepts rounding of data
Streaming video/audio requires 1-10 seconds latency, and accepts rounding of data
FTP 100 seconds latency, absolute precision of data

30. RNC - Radio Network Controller
UMTS Architecture
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
Access Network
Core Network
RNC - Radio Network Controller Uu
Node B
(BTS) Iu
(CS & PS)
ATM
Backbone
Iub (ATM)
Circuit Domain UE
Iur
ATM
Backbone
Node B
This is a concept representing a logical node responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to/from the UE.
BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
The Node B concept can be associated to the functionality a BTS performs. The BTS supports the 5 MHz carrier and provides the WCDMA coding required to control one or more cells. The maximum capacity of the BTS is more likely restricted by the number of users’ data rates possible before the interference level becomes too high.
RNC (Radio Network Controller)
The RNC is the UMTS equivalent of the GSM BSC and GPRS PCU. It is responsible for Radio Resource management and control of the Node Bs. As adjacent RNCs have an interface between them, the Core Network is not involved in handover.
RNS (Radio Network Subsystem)
The RNS is composed of one RNC and its associated Node Bs. Uu
Node B
(BTS)
Iur
Packet Domain Iu
(CS & PS)
Iub (ATM) UE
RNC

31. UMTS Interfaces Access Network Core Network Uu MSC Node B (BTS) TRAU
PSTN
RNC
Iu CS Iu
(CS & PS)
Iub (ATM) UE C
Iur
VLR D
ATM
Backbone
ATM
Backbone
HLR/AuC Gr Uu
Node B
(BTS)
GGSN
Iur
Private IP
Backbone
SGSN
As UMTS is a new technology, new names for interfaces have been given.
The particularity of these interfaces is that they are fully standardized, even the one between RNC and Node B.
Uu interface (UMTS User interface): this interface is used between Node B and UE. It is dependent from the technology used on the radio (it can be WCDMA or TD/CDMA for example).
Iub interface (Interface UMTS Node B): it is between RNC and Node B. It allows to connect RNC and Node B from different manufacturers because it is standardized (it is not like Abis in GSM).
Iu interface (Interface UMTS): it is between Core Network and Access Network. The Core Network can be connected to different Access Networks using it (equivalent to A interface in GSM).
Iur interface (Interface UMTS RNCs): this interface between two RNCs, has been defined to support specific functions such as handover without having the Core Network involved (no equivalent in GSM). Iu
(CS & PS)
Iu PS
Iub (ATM) Gn Gn UE
RNC Gi
External
Packet
Networks

32. Slide History
Created Mar 2000 – Anu Gupta