1. BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

2. Biomedical Engineering
Bio – “connected with life”
Interdisciplines
Bioengineering
Bioinstrumentation
Biometrics
Biomedical engineer
Clinical engineer
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3. Biomedical equipment technician Medical technologist Hospital engineer
Biophysicist
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4. Development of Biometrics
Measurement of physiological parameters
BMI – Tools by which the measurement can be achieved
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5. Specifications Range’ Sensitivity Linearity Hysteresis
Frequency response
Accuracy / Precision
Signal to Noise ratio
Stability
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6. Specifications..contd
Isolation
Simplicity
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7. Man-Instrument system
Black box
Human organism + Instrumentation
Instrumentation – Components that provide stimulus / Mechanism for automatic control of processess.
Objectives – Information gathering, Diagnosis, Evaluation, Monitoring and Control.
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8. Components The subject Stimulus The transducer Signal conditioning
Display
Recording, data-processing and transmission equipment
Control devices
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9. Physiology Biochemical system - produces energy
- messenger agents for communication
- materials for body repair and growth
- for body functions
Cardiovascular system
Complex closed hydraulic system
The Heart (Four chamber pump)
Two synchronized and isolated pumps
Artrium (First stage) collects blood -
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10. Physiology The ventricle (second stage) – receives the blood
Right side of the heart – collects fluid from the main hydraulic system (systemic circulation) and pumps through lungs.
Left side of the heart – receives the fluid
(pressure, volume, pattern of fluid flow, speed of the pump, efficiency
The blood – communication and supply network
Chemo receptors – Changes in the need for supplies
Pco2 sensors – build up of waste materials
Baroreceptors – out of tolerance pressures
Valves – against the gravity
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11. Physiology The Respiratory system: - Pneumatic system
- Air pump (Diaphragm) alternately creates negative and positive pressures in a sealed chamber (thorascic cavity) lungs
- Valving arrangement
- Passage way divides and subdivides
- Dual air input system (nasal cavities and mouth) – for special purposes
- Oxygen is taken into the fluid and Co2 is taken out of the fluid to the air.
- Automatic control center (respiratory center of the brain), Manual control – if necessary
(Respiratory rate, Respiratory air flow, respiratory volume, concentration of Co2 in the expired air))
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12. Physiology The Nervous system: - Communication network of the body.
- Self adapting central information processor.
- The Brain
- Millions of communication lines (afferent and efferent nerves) that bring sensory information-in, transmit control information-out of the brain.
- Information is coded by electrochemical pulses (nerve action potentials) travel along nerves. -
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13. Problems Inaccessibility of variables to measurement Variability
Lack of knowledge
Interaction among physiological systems
Effect of transducer
Artifacts
Energy limitations
Safety
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14. Bioelectric potentials
Resting and action potentials
Propagation of action potentials
Bioelectric potentials
ECG-Electrocardiogram
EEG-Electroencephalogram
EMG-Electromyogram
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