1. Nursery Production 2 Commercial Plant Production

2. B & B Production

3. Field Layout: Final Spacing Liners will eventually end up in the field at their final spacing: liner final spacing liner final spacing liner small plant culture final spacing liner small plant culture final spacing

4. Shrub Spacing Planted in field rows. Spacing between the rows is determined by the size of the planting, cultivating and harvesting equipment. Rows usually spaced 42 – 48 inches (3 1/2 – 4 feet) apart.

5. Shrub Spacing The spacing between plants within a row is determined by the growth rate and finished size of the species grown. Typically 12 – 36 inches between plants.

6. Species Distance between plants Spiraea 32 inches Cornus 36 inches Euonymus 42 inches 4 foot rows

7. Planting shrubs in the field using a 2 row planter.

8. Trees vs. Intermediates Intermediates: classification of plants growing taller than most shrubs but shorter than most trees. Examples: Hawthorne Hawthorne Redbud Redbud Crabapple Crabapple Star Magnolia Star Magnolia

9. Tree & Intermediate Spacing Planted in field rows. Spacing between the rows is determined by the size of the planting, cultivating and harvesting equipment. Typically between 8 – 14 feet.

10. Tree & Intermediate Spacing The spacing between plants within a row is determined by the growth rate and finished size of the species grown. Typically 4 – 8 feet between plants.

11. 6 feet between trees good till 2 ½ inch caliper. Then harvest every other tree… 12 feet between trees good till 4 – 5 inch caliper. 10 foot rows

12. Production vs. Specimen Nurseries Production: plant at a closer spacing. Grow more plants. Sell a smaller grade plant. Poorer quality?

13. Production vs. Specimen Nurseries Specimen: plant a a wider spacing. Grow fewer plants. Sell a larger grade plant. Better quality?

14. Planting Designs for Shrubs, Trees and Intermediates

15. Square Design Distance between the rows equals the distance between plants in a row.

16. Rectangle Design Distance between the rows is greater than the distance between plants in a row.

17. Rectangle-Square Design Essentially a square planting design with drive rows. Planting Row Drive Row

18. Equilateral Triangle-Hexagon Design The distance between rows is 85% of the distance between plants in a row. Most efficient use of space.

19. Cross-Cultivation The ability to cultivate in both directions.

20. The End