1. page 1 Environmental Ethics in Islam

2. page 2 Environmental Ethics in Islam

3. page 3 Environmental Ethics in Islam Attention to the Environment Modern attention to the environment and its protection has been on the agenda for less than a century. Only after the full scale of the damage done to the planet’s environment, did we become serious about the environment and its preservation.

4. page 4 Environmental Ethics in Islam Environmental Protection Environmental protection as a scientific field rests on two main disciplines. 1.Waste minimisation and control. 2.Conservation of environment — conservation of air, land, water, vegetation, animal life and natural resources.

5. page 5 Environmental Ethics in Islam Humanity and Earth The Qur’an tells us that human beings are created from an earthly essence and more generally that every living being is created from water. “Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were of one piece, then We parted them, and We made every living thing of water? Will they not then believe?” (Qur’an, 21:30) We have a common physical existence with everything else on earth.

6. page 6 Environmental Ethics in Islam Humanity and the Ecological System Every living being adds value to its ecological system. Human beings, on the other hand, consume the best of what nature has to offer and turns it into waste that is flushed away in a hurry. Humanity, in a physical sense, adds no value to the ecological environment.

7. page 7 Environmental Ethics in Islam Humanity and the Environment Humanity is not really part of the ecological system, as it functions independently of humans. Humans are designed to utilise the materials provided by the earth and to live within the environment but are really alien to the ecosystem.

8. page 8 Environmental Ethics in Islam The Purpose of Human Existence For human existence, one has to look for a purpose other than its mere physical existence. The finer intellectual and spiritual faculties are given to us for a more comprehensive and willing spiritual enlightenment and worship. The Qur’an also talks about the worship of everything that is in the heavens and the earth. (Qur’an, 51:56)

9. page 9 Environmental Ethics in Islam Humanity and the Environment We live on earth and inevitably interact with the environment. Not being part of the ecosystem, the result of our inevitable interaction with the environment is in the form of consuming its value-added products without returning any tangible value. Humanity depends on the environment but the environment does not depend on humanity.

10. page 10 Environmental Ethics in Islam Adding Value to the Environment The only real value we can add to the environment is by protecting and preserving it. Islam addresses the issue at three levels.

11. page 11 Environmental Ethics in Islam 1. We only take care of things we perceive as valuable The first thing Islam does is to give immense worth to the environment. Islam asserts that all life is special and valuable because it is the life and the art displayed by each creature that connects it to the Divine. To a Muslim, God has created this universe like a majestic palace. Therefore, in Islam, the natural environment and animal forms are sacred and valuable.

12. page 12 Environmental Ethics in Islam The Honourable Status of a Human Being is Not Absolute The level of human development one attains is the measure of every person’s status with respect to other beings. Just as it is possible to reach levels above other creation, it is also possible to fall far below it. What might appear to be an advantage can turn out to be disadvantageous.

13. page 13 Environmental Ethics in Islam 2. With the freedom of choice comes accountability One of the roles given to humanity in the Qur’an is that of vicegerent – caliph – on earth. This role gives the human being authority over the creation, rendering the creation on earth at human disposal. This is not an unconditional authority, as accountability is a natural consequence of authority. Therefore, Islam teaches that on the Day of Judgment humanity will be questioned about its treatment of animals and the environment.

14. page 14 Environmental Ethics in Islam 3. Recognition of Ecosystems The recognition that the vegetable and animal worlds establish ecosystems just as humans develop interdependent communities. The Qur’an clearly talks about living beings existing in ecological systems. The comparison of animal species to human communities by the Quran is very significant.

15. page 15 Environmental Ethics in Islam Islam and the Environment The Qur’an states, “O Children of Adam!… Eat and drink but waste not in excess, for God does not love the wasters.” Islam takes efforts to minimise waste to a higher level in the words of the Prophet Muhammad pbuh, who asked people not to overuse water even while having the ablution for prayer next to a flowing river. Muhammad pbuh also said that the lowest manifestation of belief in a person is that one should remove harmful objects in the path of people.

16. page 16 Environmental Ethics in Islam Considering Future Generations In a well-known saying, Muhammad pbuh recommends that we “lay in the ground the plant at hand even if it is the Last Day” on earth. It is characteristic of the sayings of Muhammad pbuh, that there is always the hint of a very important teaching in every recommendation. In this case, while people are being encouraged to plant a tree, this is not to be done for an immediate benefit, but for the benefit of future generations.

17. page 17 Environmental Ethics in Islam Showing Kindness to All The Prophet Muhammad pbuh enjoined people to show kindness not only to each other but also to all living souls. He forbade the practice of cutting the tails and manes of horses, of branding animals at any tender spot, and of keeping horses saddled unnecessarily. If he saw any animal over-loaded or ill-fed he would pull up the owner and say, "fear God in your treatment of animals."

18. page 18 Environmental Ethics in Islam Animal Rights Islam is arguably the first religion that introduced animal rights along with human rights. Muhammad pbuh stated, "Verily, there is heavenly reward for every act of kindness done to a living animal." It is also believed in Islam that humans will be judged on their treatment of animals on the Day of Judgment.

19. page 19 Environmental Ethics in Islam History of the Islamic World Clear pronouncements in the Qur’an and the example of Muhammad pbuh gave Muslims the impetus to preserve the environment and to get a good record for their treatment of wild life and domestic animals. During the Ottoman reign (1299–1923), comprehensive waste and environmental management regulations were stipulated as early as 1539. In 1502, local government legislation regulated the loads of animals and the number of days they could be worked in a week.