1. Lifespan changes in sleep.

2. Lifespan changes in sleep.
I can
Outline changes in sleep patterns over the lifespan (A01)
Consider implications of changes in sleep patterns over the lifespan (A02)
Synoptic Points
DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH
Cultural Differences

3. Lifespan changes Do you ever find yourself sleeping through the day?
How many hours sleep do you get per night?
Do you sleep more or less than you used to?
Over the next week fill in a sleep log.
What ethical issues are related to this?

4. Prenatal & Infant sleep.
AO2/3
When do sleep patterns emerge in developing foetus?
Okai et al (1992):
Used ultrasound scanning to investigate possible sleep patterns in unborn children of the 30 ‘normal’ pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks (beginning of 5mths-full term).
Limitations of the Research?
Sample size?
Methodology?
Application?

5. Prenatal & Infant sleep.
This study was completed by:
Measuring eye movement and baby movement.
What instrument would they need to use?
Findings:
Prior to 28 weeks (7 mths) REM was hard to identify.
At 32 weeks REM/NREM cycles could
be distinguished.

6. What do these findings suggest?
The critical point in gestation is measured at 32 weeks.
This is further supported by a correlation found between sleep changes and the development of the brain.
E.g. Brain stem reaches a developmental high between 28 and 31 weeks, there is a known link between these neural systems & control of the REM/NREM ultradian cycles.

7. Lifespan changes in sleep
Who do you think would sleep more?
A baby or an elderly person?
Who would have more REM sleep?
Why do you think this?
Justify you reasoning

8. Lifespan changes

9. EEGs of Sleep at Different Stages of Lifespan
What do these EEG’s tell us about how sleep changes as we get older?
EEGs of Sleep at Different Stages of Lifespan

10. Sleep Timeline (AO1) Read p 10
Create a timeline to show how sleep changes as humans develop
Outline changes in sleep patterns over the lifespan (A01)

11. 6 months 1 year 5 years Adolescence Adulthood
Birth
Newborn
6 months
1 year
5 years
Adolescence
Adulthood
Old age

12. Sleep Timeline (AO1)
BABIES Newborn Babies 6 months old 1 year old CHILDHOOD 5 years old ADOLESCENCE ADULTHOOD OLD AGE

13. AO2 & AO3: Application and Implications
What do we know about newborns?
Why might babies sleep patterns be so different to that of an adult?

14. New born babies AO2….
It has been suggested that babies sleep is an adaptive mechanism to make the parents lives easier.
Babies have small stomachs so need to wake to be fed
The greater amount of Active/REM sleep may be explained in terms of the considerable learning and brain development that takes place
It is further supported by the fact that premature babies (whose brains are very immature) spend 90% of their sleep time in active sleep (REM).

15. Pre Teens
Pre-teens seem to experience sleep-wake utopia. During the day they are bursting with energy, at night they sleep soundly and they are wide awake and fully rested from the moment they open their eyes in the morning (Dement, 1999).

16. Adolescence
What happens to sleep patterns in adolescence? What might cause the changes?

17. Adolescence-AO2
The change in sleep patterns may be linked to hormonal changes.
Hormones are generally released at night and so sleep patterns are disturbed leading to sleep deprivation.
Hormonal changes can also explain the upset circadian clock this is described as the delayed sleep phase syndrome (Crowley et al 2003)
From this some researchers have recommended that schools start their day later to accommodate poor attention spans of adolescents in early morning (Wolfson and Carskadon 2005)

18. Other factors that may impact sleep patterns?
Adolescents: The cause is usually the cause of social changes such as
Sleeping longer at weekends.
Staying up later.
Reduced parental influence.
Several environmental factors are also responsible for changes in sleep……..

19. Other factors that may impact sleep patterns?
Wolfson & Carskadon (1998)
Pagel (2007)
Increased homework
Using the computer
During adolescence the brain is going through a critical phase of cortical development & cognitive change, & sleep is crucial in ensuring that these changes occur efficiently.

20. AO2 & AO3: Application and Implications
Adulthood- A good nights sleep?? Increased mortality risk associated with too much sleep. Kripke et al (2002) surveyed over one million men and women and found that people sleeping for 6 or 7 hours had reduced mortality risk than those sleeping longer. Kripke’s study used correlational analysis, disadvantage of using this type of evidence?

21. AO2 & AO3: Application and Implications
Old age Why might old people sleep less? What type of sleep do they have less of? Why?

22. Old age AO2:
Reduced sleep in old age is partly a consequence of Physiological changes but may also be explained in terms of actual problems staying asleep, such as sleep apnoea or medical illnesses.
SWS is reduced in old age and so the older sleep is more easily woken.
The reduction of SWS leads to reduced production of the growth hormone which may explain some of the symptoms associated with old age- such as lack of energy and lower bone density (Van Cauter et al 2000)

23. AO3 – Synoptic Points Look at the graph on page 11
Briefly outline the research carried out by Tynjala et al (1993) , Shin et al (2003) and
Ghanizadeh et al (2008)
What conclusion was reached in the light of this research?

24. Cultural differences-AO2
Sleep patterns also vary across cultures.
Tynjala et al 1993 surveyed 40, year olds from 11 European countries.
Israeli children = 8.5 hrs on average
Swiss children = 9.5 hrs on average.
Shin et al 2003 found….
Korean children = 6.5 hrs on average
Iranian children = 7.7 hrs on average
Suggests sleep duration is shorter in Asia than Europe

25. Plenary
Guess Who?

26. Over to you ..
Homework-
Discuss research into lifespan changes in sleep (9+16)
Plan in lesson – share plans
Fill in sleep log?

28. Lifespan changes in sleep.
Objectives
Outline changes in sleep patterns over the lifespan (A01)
Consider implications of changes in sleep patterns over the lifespan (A02)
Synoptic Points- AO3
DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH
Cultural Differences