1. The History of Health Care

2. Ancient Times Prevention of injury from predators
Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits

3. Ancient Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples:
Digitalis from foxglove plants
Then, leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart
Now, administered by pills, IV, or injections

4. Ancient Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples:
Quinine from bark of cinchona tree
Controls fever and muscle spasms
Used to treat malaria

5. Ancient Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples:
Belladonna and atropine from poisonous nightshade plant
relieves muscle spasms especially GI
Morphine from opium poppy
relieves severe pain

6. 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times
Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
Trepanation or trephining (surgically removig a piece of bone from the skull)
Average life span was 20 years

7. 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests
Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
Average life span was years

8. Egyptians Earliest to keep accurate health records Superstitious
Called upon gods
Identified certain diseases
Pharaohs kept many specialists

9. Egyptians Priests were the doctors
Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals
Only the priests could read the medical knowledge from the god Thoth

10. Egyptians Magicians were also healers Believed demons caused disease
Prescriptions were written on papyrus

11. Egyptians Embalming Done by special priests (NOT the doctor priests)
Advanced the knowledge of anatomy
Strong antiseptics used to prevent decay
Gauze similar to today’s surgical gauze

12. Egyptians Research on mummies has revealed the existence of diseases
Arthritis
Kidney stones
Arteriosclerosis

13. Egyptians Some medical practices still used today Enemas
Circumcision (4000 BC) preceded marriage
Closing wounds
Setting fractures

14. Egyptians Eye of Horus 5000 years ago Magic eye
amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and evil
History: Horus lost vision in attack by Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored
Evolved into modern day Rx sign

15. Jewish Medicine Avoided medical practice
Concentrated on health rules concerning food, cleanliness, and quarantine
Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical practice
banned quackery (God was the only physician)
enforced Day of Rest

16. 1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
Stressed diet and exercise as ways to prevent disease
Average life span was years

17. Greek Medicine First to study causes of diseases
Research helped eliminate superstitions
Sanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease

18. Greek Medicine Hippocrates no dissection, only observations
took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases
disease was not caused by supernatural forces
Father of Medicine
wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

19. Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC)
Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine
Authored code of conduct for doctors known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that is the basis of medical practice today
Believed illness was not caused
by evil spirits and stressed
importance of good diet, fresh
air, cleanliness, and exercise

20. Greek Medicine Aesculapius staff and serpent symbol of medicine
temples built in his honor because the first true clinics and hospitals

21. 753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans
First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
Life span was years

22. Roman Medicine
Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system
Aqueducts and sewers
Public baths
Beginning of public health

23. Roman Medicine First to organize medical care Army medicine
Room in doctors’ house became first hospital
Public hygiene
flood control
solid construction of homes

24. AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
Monks and priests provided custodial care for sill people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
Average life span was years

25. AD 800 – AD Middle Ages
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included smallpox, diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
Average life span was years

26. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)
Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries
custodial care
life and death in God’s hands

27. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)
Terrible epidemics
Bubonic plague (Black Death)
Small pox
Diphtheria
Syphilis
Measles
Typhonid fever
Tuberculosis

28. Dark Ages (400 –800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A. D.)
Crusaders spread disease
Cities became common
Special officers to deal with sanitary problems
Realization that diseases are contagious
Quarantine laws passed

29. Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.)
Universities and medical schools for research
Dissection
Book publishing

30. AD 1350 – AD Renaissance
Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius ( )
Average life span was years

31. 16th and 17th Centuries
Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections
Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
Apothecaries (early pharmicists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
Ambroise Pare ( ), a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
Average life span years

32. 16th & 17th Century Leonardo da Vinci anatomy of the body
Anton van Leeuwekhoek (1676)
invented microscope
observed microorganisms

33. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Invented the microscope lens that allowed visualization of organisms
Scraped his teeth
and observed the
bacteria that
causes tooth
decay

34. 16th & 17th Century William Harvey Gabriele Fallopian
circulation of blood
Gabriele Fallopian
discovered fallopian tube
Bartholomew Eustachus
discovered the eustachian tube
Some quackery

35. 18th Century
Gabriel Fahrenheit ( ) created the first mercury thermometer
John Hunter ( ), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
Average life span years

36. 18th Century Edward Jenner 1796 smallpox vaccination Joseph Priestly
discovered oxygen

37. Edward Jenner ( )
Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

38. 18th Century Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
found that colds could be passed from person to person
Laennec
invented the stethoscope

39. Benjamin Franklin ( )
Invented bifocals
Found that colds could
be passed from person
to person

40. Rene Laennec ( )
Invented the stethoscope in 1819
First stethoscope was made of wood

41. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)
First female physician in the United States in 1849

42. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing”
Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854
Invented the call bell system and use of dumbwaiters to deliver meals
Begin the professional education of nurses

43. 19th Century
Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
Formal training for nurses began
Women became active participants in health care
Average life span years

44. 19th & 20th Century Inez Semmelweiss Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895)
identified the cause of puerperal fever which led to the importance of hand washing
Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895)
discovered that microorganisms cause disease (germ theory of communicable disease)

45. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause disease
Proved that heat can be used
to destroy germs through a
process called pasteurization
Created a vaccine for rabies in
1885
Founded the basic rules for
sterilization

46. Robert Koch ( )
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
Isolated the bacterium
that causes tuberculosis

47. Clara Barton ( )
Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War
After Civil War, established a bureau of records to search for missing men
Campaigned for the USA to sign
the Treaty of Geneva, which
provided relief for sick and
wounded soldiers
Formed American Red Cross
in 1881 and served as its first
president

48. 19th & 20th Century Joseph Lister
first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
Ernest von Bergman
developed asepsis
Robert Koch
Father of Microbiology
identified germ causing TB

49. Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs
First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

50. 19th & 20th Century Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays Paul Ehrlick
discovered effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms
Anesthesia discovered
nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform

51. Wilhelm Roentgen ( )
Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895
Let doctors see inside the body
X-rayed wife’s hand

52. Sigmund Freud ( )
Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind
His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry

53. 19th & 20th Century Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin Jonas Salk
discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio
Alfred Sabin
discovered that a live virus provided more effective immunity

54. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
Discovered penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most
important
discoveries of
the twentieth
century

55. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993)
Discovered polio vaccine
Saved many people from
this virus that paralyzed
thousands of adults and
children each year.

56. 1900 to 1945
Acute infectious diseases (diphtheria, TB, rheumatic fever)
No antibiotics, DDT for mosquitoes, rest for TB, water sanitation to help stop spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria vaccination
Hospitals were places to die
Most doctors were general practitioners

57. 1945 to 1975 Immunization common antibiotic cures safer surgery
Transplants
increased lifespan
chronic degenerative diseases

58. Christian Barnard (1922 – 2001)
Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968

59. Robert Jarvik Creator of the first artificial heart
On December 2, 1982, it was implanted into Barney Clark, who lived for the next 112 days
The second patient, William Schroeder, lived for 620 days

60. 1945 to 1975 new health hazards obesity neuroses lung cancer
hypertension
disintegrating families
greatly increasing medical costs

61. Current Trends in Health Care

62. Cost Containment Cost of health care began rising due to:
Technological advances
Aging population
Health-related lawsuits
Cost Containment measures include:
Diagnostic related groups (DRG)
Combination of services
Outpatient services
Mass or bulk purchasing
Early intervention and preventive services

63. Health care facilities specialized to include:
Home health care
Hospice care
Geriatric care
Types of facilities
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
Telemedicine

64. Emphasis on promoting wellness of the whole individual:
Physical wellness
Emotional wellness
Social wellness
Mental and intellectual wellness
Spiritual Wellness
Holistic Health

65. Alternative and Complementary Methods of Health Care
Chinese medicine practitioners
Chiropractors
Homeopaths
Hypnotists
Naturopaths

66. National Health Care Plan
Has become a leading topic of debate due to the increasing number of uninsured Americans
Education and preparation for a potential pandemic
Due to the high rate international travel, the possibility for a devastating pandemic has increased