1. Theoretical Perspectives
HPD 4C Working with School Age Children and Adolescents - Mrs. Filinov

2. How many legs????????

3. Old Woman or Young Girl

4. What do you see: Boat or…..?

5. Face or …………..?

6. What is this?

7. Can you see the cup or the faces?

8. Find the duck

9. Looking for the man?

10. Old man or a princess?

11. What is Theoretical Perspective
A theoretical perspective is a non- explanatory general framework.
It is meant to define a point of view within a discipline, which may include basic assumptions that draw attention to aspects of a phenomenon.
A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts, often cause and effect.
theories are just a educated guess as to how and why a situation might occur

12. Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?

13. The Six Major Theoretical Perspectives

14. Expectations
B1.1 explain human development throughout the lifespan according to structuralist theoretical perspectives (e.g., the stage theories of Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget)
B1.2 explain human development throughout the lifespan according to information-processing and learning theoretical perspectives (e.g., the theories of Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, John B. Watson, Albert Bandura)
B1.3 explain human development throughout the lifespan according to systemic and humanistic theoretical perspectives (e.g., the theories of Urie Bronfenbrenner, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Bonnie Burstow, Barbara Rogoff)

15. Psychodynamic Perspective
Focuses on the inner person
Behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control.
Sigmund Freud
Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems.
Proposed that distress is due to problems that dated
back to childhood.
Erik Erikson
Suggests that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages.
The stages emerge in fixed pattern and they are similar for all people.

16. The Behavioral Perspective
Considering the outer person.
Suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment.
John B. Watson - classical and operant conditioning
Psychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy.
“I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief.”
B.F. Skinner
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
Ivan Pavlov
showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment.
Created “Classical Conditioning.”
Albert Bandura – social cognitive learning theorists
Behavior is learned through observation and imitation

17. The Cognitive Perspective
Examining the roots of understanding
Focuses on the process that allow people to know, understand and think about the world.
Jean Piaget’s - Cognitive theory
Studies children’s cognitive development.
Studies how we attend, perceive, think, remember, solve problems and arrive at beliefs.
Lev Vygotsky’s - Sociocultural theory
Proposes that full understanding of development is impossible without taking into account the culture in which children develop.

18. The Humanistic Perspective
Concentrates on the unique qualities of human beings
People have the natural tendency to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior.
Barbara Rogoff
focuses on the social and collaborative nature of learning and the different forms of guidance that an adult provides a child
Carl Rogers
Former minister; believed all people strive for perfection; some interrupted by a bad environment.
Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs
People’s struggle is to be the best they possibly can, known as self-actualization.

19. The Evolutionary Perspective
Believes that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution and is characterized by critical and sensitive periods.
Charles Darwin
Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans.
Konrad Lorenz
His work concentrates on human behavioral genetics

20. Sociocultural Perspective
Emphasizes the system of support
Seeks to explain individual knowledge, development, and competencies in terms of guidance, support and structure provided by society.
Urie Bronfenbrenner
According to U. Bronfenbrenner each person is affected by interactions among a number of overlapping ecosystems.