1. REALISM ~1850 - 1900

2. James Dickens, Thackery Flaubert, Hugo, Balzac Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy Fontane Ibsen

3. Friedrich Engels: Realism is a truthful representation of typical characters in typical circumstances

4. Franz Kafka: Real realism is unreal.

5. Realism is to see things as they are

6. Social sciences Auguste Comte John Stuart Mills Herbert Spencer

7. Hippolyte Taine Human beings are shaped by three factors: “race”(biological, hereditary) “milieu”(social invironment) “temps”(historical situation)

8. Stendal (Marie-Henri Beyle) A novel is a mirror walking along the road.

9. Emile Zola A novelist is an experimental scientist. “Un oevre d’Art est un coin de la nature vù à travers un temperament ”

10. Arno Holz Art = Nature - X

11. Anton Chechov “To a scientist nothing is unclean. A writer must be as objective as a chemist, he must abandon the subjective line: he must know that dungheaps play a very respectable part in the landscape and that evil passions are as inherent in life as good ones.”

12. Symbolism 1886 Symbolist manifesto

13. Charles Baudelaire Paul Verlaine Stéfane Malarmé Artur Rimbaud

14. Symbolism as symbolic representation

15. Symbolism as exploration of language