1. OPERANT CONDITIONING Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in behavioral change

2. B.F. Skinner is best known for his work with the operant conditioning theory. Believed that how we turn out is a direct result of what we learn from all of the operations (operant) that we make over the years Skinner Box

3. Classical ConditioningOperant Conditioning Uses the term responseUses the term behavior Response is biologically based (ex: fear or anxiety); involuntary Behavior is not biologically based; it is voluntary Main components: stimulus and its response Main components: behavior and its consequence Cannot be used to shape behaviorCan be used to shape behavior Stimulus causes the responseConsequence influences the behavior To extinguish the response: stop pairing To decrease learned behavior: stop reinforcing

4. Reinforcement is something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCERS Primary reinforcement is something that is necessary for survival. Ex: food or water Secondary reinforcement is a stimulus that we have learned to value (linked to a primary reinforcer)

5. Positive Reinforcement Positive consequence that increases the chance of desired behavior because something is added (+) or presented. Can be thought of as a reward! Getting a present on X-mas for being Good all year

6. Negative reinforcement is when something that is unpleasant is stopped or taken away when something is done Reinforcement always strengthens a response, rather than weakening it. Headache stops when you take Tylenol so you strengthened the behavior of taking Tylenol

7. Punishment involves decreasing the frequency of a behavior. Punishment always weakens a response, rather than strengthening it.

8. Operant Conditioning There are two types of consequences: positive (sometimes called pleasant) negative (sometimes called aversive)

9. Operant Conditioning Two actions can be taken with these stimuli: they can be ADDED to the learner’s environment. they can be SUBRACTED from the learner’s environment.

10. Operant Conditioning Changing behaviors…….. Reinforcement, Increase Behavior Punishment, Decrease Behavior Positive: An Item added Negative : An Item Take away Add (+) Subtract (-) Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment

11. REINFORCEMENT (STRENGTHENS) (Increase a behavior) PUNISHMENT (WEAKENS) (Decrease behavior) POSITIVE (ADDED) To situation Clean the house and earn $5 You get a mint for answering a question in class a paycheck for working $10 for getting an “A” on your report card You get praised for coming home before curfew. You get your mouth washed out with soap when you say a bad word. Getting a ticket for speeding Doing push-ups for being late to Mr. Frith’s class. You get a detention for being late to class—for the 5 th time. NEGATIVE (SUBTRACTED) From situation Faking a stomach ache to avoid school (avoidance) Turning down the volume of a very loud radio studying for the next exam in Psych to avoid getting another bad grade in Mr. Fruhwirth’s class You lose your driving privileges for breaking curfew Time out, or the loss of freedom to combat bad behavior You lose your cell phone because of last months phone bill

12. Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He camped- out on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. 1. What behavior was changed? Camping out

13. Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He camped- out on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. 2. Was the behavior strengthened or weakened? Weakened (Behavior decreased) We Eliminate positive and negative reinforcement

14. Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He camped- out on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. Having water thrown on him. 3. What was the consequence? 4. Was the behavior consequence added or subtracted? Added +

15. Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He camped- out on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. Since a consequence was ADDED and the behavior was WEAKENED (REDUCED), the process was Positive Punishment.