1. The Skeleton-Bones, Joint, and muscle
dr. E. Suryadi, S.U.
Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Anthropology

2. Selected Key Terms The following terms are defined in the glossary:
Amphiarthrosis
Bursa
Circumduction
Diaphysis
Diarthrosis
Endosteum
Epiphysis
Fontanel
Origo
Joint
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Periosteum
Resorption
Synarthrosis
Synovial
Insertio

3. Role osteology in the medical science learning!
Anatomy (included Human biology)
Physiology
Pathology
Clinical sciences

4. For example
Low back pain that be caused nucleus pulposus hernia Pain spreading from lumbar region until in leg or foot
Fracture middle clavicle, surgical neck humeri
To lie stetoscope when Aucultation of heart
Palpation of the lever and the appendix

5. Bone structure Cells Osteoblasts Bone forming cells Osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain bone
Osteoclasts
cells that break down (resorp) bone

6. Tissue
Compact
shaft (diaphysis) of long bones; outside of other bones
Spongy
end (epiphysis) of long bones; center of other bones

7. Marrow
Red
ends of long bones, center of other bones
Yellow
center of long bones

8. Membranes
contain bone-forming cells
Periosteum
covers bones
Endosteum
lines marrow cavities

9. LONG BONE GROWTH BONE FUNCTIONS
begins in center of shaft and continues at ends of bone; growing area forms line across epiphysis (epiphysios disc)
BONE FUNCTIONS
serve as body framework; protect organs; serve as levers; store calcium; form blood cells

10. Divisions of the skeleton
AXIAL
Head
Cranial (neurocranium)
frontal, parietals, temporal bones, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
b. Facial (viscerocranium)
mandible, maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, vomer, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae.
c. Other
ossicles (of ear), hyoid bone

11. (1) Sternum (2) Ribs =costae 2. Trunk Vertebral column
cervical (VC), thoracic (VTh) , lumbar (VL), sacral (VS), coccygeal (V Co)
b. thorax
(1) Sternum
(2) Ribs =costae
True = costa vera
first seven pairs
False = costa spuria and fluctuantes
remaining five pairs, including two floating ribs

12. B. APPENDICULAR shoulder girdle (cingulum superius) clavicle, scapula
upper extremity (arm)
humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
pelvic girdle (cingulum inferius)
ilium, ischium, pubis
lower extremity (leg)
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges

13. The carpal bones = ossa carpalia
Scapoid = navicular
Lunatum
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium = multanguli major
Trapezoid = multanguli minor
Capitatum
hamatum

14. The tarsal bones = ossa tarsalia
Os Talus
Os Calcaneum
Os Naviculare
Os cuboideum
Os medial cuneiforme (primus]
Os intermediate cuneiforme( secundus)
Os lateral cuneiforme (tertius)

15. Joint classification Synarthrosis immovable Amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable
diarthrosis (synovial joints) freely movable

16. Structure of synovial joints
Joint capsule (ligaments)
holds joint together
Cartilage
cover ends of bones
Joint cavity
filled with synovial fluid
Bursae
fluid-filled sacs nearer joints; cushion and protect joints and surrounding tissue

17. Types of synovial joints Movement at synovial joints
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket
Movement at synovial joints
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, rotation, supination,
pronation, inversion, eversion.

31. Landmark of bones Processes
mastoid process, acromion process, olecranon process, iliac crest, iliac spines, ishical spine and tuberosity, trochanters, malleoli
Foramina
foramen magnum, intervertebral foramina, obturator foramina
Fossae and grooves
Fontanels
anterior and others in infant skull

32. TERM of MORPHOLOGI at BONE/SKELETON
Foramen =hole
Foramina = many hole
Fissura = Fissure
Aditus = Hole Into = To Come To
Exitus = Hole Out Of
Fenestra = Window
Apertura = Hole into
Hiatus = An Opening
Rima = A Cleft
Ostium = A door = An Entrance
Orificium
Porus =poros =pori = a narrow passase

33. ROOM / SPACE Cavum = Cavity Sinus = Hollow
Recessus = Recess = Hiding Place
Meatus = Passage
Vestibulum = The Entrance Region of Tube
Cellulae = Small Compartment
Saccus = SAC
Atrium = An Entrance Room

34. PROTRUSION Processus = Process Condylus = knob Spina = thorn
Tuber = a hump
Tuberculum = Tubercle

35. Crista = Crest
Linea = Line
Eminentia = Eminence = Hill
Protuberantia = Protuberance
Tuberosity : Rough Tuber
Hamulus = A hook
Trochanter = a great protrusion

36. CANAL Canalis = Canal Canaliculi = a small canal
Ductus = a canal which be through something
Ductuli = a small duct
Tubus = a pipe shape duct
Tubuli = a small tube

37. VALLEY/PLANE Fossa = A Slope Valley Fovea = A Steep Valley
Foveola = A small fovea
Facies = Facet = face
Planum = Surface
Sulcus = Groove
Incisura = Notch
Impressio = a hollow because be crushed something

38. OTHERS Caput = Cephale = head Capitulum = a small head Angulus = Angle
Arcus = Arch = Curve = Bend
Collum = Cervix = Neck
Spatium = Space
Corpus = Truncus = Body = trunk
Radix = root
Apex = top
Basis = base

39. Ramus = Branch
Clivus = Steep = A slope
Discus = Quoit = Disc
Stylo = Pencil
Mast = Breast
Ala = Wing
Saeptum = A Barrier = Enclosure
Margo = Border
Cornu = Horn Shaped

40. Atrium = a small chamber
Cingulum = a girdle
Cornu = horn shape
Malleus = a hammer
Olecranon = the point of the elbow
Acromion = the point of the shoulder
Diastema = an interval; distance

41. Direction Superior = above Supra = over Inferior = below Infra = under
Anterior = before = to front
Posterior = after = to back
Lateral = to side
Medial = to middle
Cranial = to head
Caudal = to tail

42. Proximal = base =upper course
Distal = tip =lower course
Profundal = to deeper
Superficial = to outer (to surface)
Major = bigger = greater
Minor = lesser
Dorsal = to back
Ventral = to front
Transversal = transverse
Longitudinal = long

43. The samples of term in the part of bone
Foramen occipitale magnum
Processus styloideus radii
Tuber ischiadicum
Canalis mandibularis
Crista tuberculi majoris humeri
Sulcus nervi ulnalis
Incisura scapulae
Caput femoris
Collum costae
Protuberantia occipitalis externa
Spina iliaca anterior superior

44. Processus mastoideus
Impressio trigemini
Fossa supra spinosus scapulae
Foramen infra orbitale
Porus acusticus externus
Crista iliaca externa
Linea intertrochanterica
Apertura canaliculi tympanici superior
Angulus sterni
Fovea petrosa

45. NAMES OF JOINT Articulatio Temporo Mandibularis
Articulatio Atlanto Occipitalis
Articulatio Intervertebralis
Articulatio Sterno Clavicularis
Articulatio Acromio Clavicularis
Articulatio Humeri
Articulatio Cubiti
Articulatio Radio Carpae
Articulatio Coxae
Articulatio Genu
Articulatio Talo Cruralis

46. NAMES OF LIGAMENTUM BASED ON ATTACHED: LIG. CORACO ACROMIALE
POSITION : LIG. COLATERALE MEDIALE
SHAPE : LIG. ANNULARE
LIE : LIG. SUPRA SPINALE
DIRECTION : LIG. TRANSVERSUM CARPI

47. SUTURES
SYNDESMOSE
GOMPHOSES
ARTICULATIONES
FIBROSAE
SYNARTHROSES
SYNCHONOROSES
ARTICULATIONES
CARTILAGINEAE
SYNOSTOSES
SYMPHYSES
ARTHROSES
ARTICULATIONES
JUNCTURAE
PLANE
GINGLYMUS/HINGE
BICONDYLAR
TROCOID/PIVOT
AMPHIARTHOSES
UNIAXIAL
ELLIPSOID
DIARTHOSES
(SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
BIAXIAL
SELLAR/SADOLEL
MULTIAXIAL
(TRI/POLY)
SPHEROID
ENARTHOSIS = BALL & SOCKET

48. Musculus

49. Penamaan (terminologi) otot didasarkan pada karakteristik tertentu misalnya :
Bentuk (quadratus femoris),
Fungsi (levator scapulae),
Posisi (latisimus dorsi),
perlekatan (coracobrachialis),
Panjang dan pendeknya (peroneus longus and peroneus brevis) ,
Besar dan kecilnya (gluteus maximus) , and
Jumlah origo (biceps brachii) dan jumlah perut (digastricus venter anterior)

50. Bagian ujung otot
They are properly called voluntary, skeletal, or striated muscles.
Setiap otot(musculus) mempunyai dua ujung, keduanya mereka melekat pada bagian tulang atau jaringan yang satu ujung disebut origo dan yang lain disebut insertio.
Origo adalah berposisi tetap dan ujung proximal atau punctum fixum,
Insertio berposisi bergerak dan bagian ujung atau punctum mobile.

51. Nama gerak tubuh Flexi : anteflexi, retroflexi/dorsoflexi Extensi
Abduksi
Adduksi
Rotasi: pronasi- supinasi; endorotasi –exorotasi, inversi -eversi
Elevasi,
Depressi
Aposisi, reposisi

52. Bagian-bagian otot
Bagian origo otot dinamakan kepala (cephal) dan di bagian insertio dinamakan ekor (caudal), dan bagian tengah otot dinamakan venter.
Tendo dan aponeurosis adalah bagian otot yang tidak mengandung serabut otot dan sebagian besar mengandung jaringan colagen.
Mereka merupakan perpanjangan otot untuk melekat pada tulang dan tidak mengandung serabut kontraktil

53. Behavioral Objective \
Name the three different types of bone cells and describe the function of each.
Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect structure and location.
Describe the structure of a long bone
Explain how a long bone grows
Differentiate between red and yellow marrow with respect to function and location. \

54. List the bones in the axial skeleton
List the bones in the appendicular skeleton
Define the three types of joints based on type of movement
Describe the structure of a synovial joint and give six examples of synovial joints
Define six types of movement that occur at synovial joints.