1. Bioenergetics I. Introduction A. Definition B. History

2. 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 5. J. Gibbs (1878) proposed free energy or system energy to perform work when To To and pressure are uniform throughout a system called Free Energy 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842) established equivalence of work and heat (Joule) 4. Rudolph Classius (1850) states the first two laws of thermodynamics

3. 6. Ludwig Boltzman late 19 th century, proposed energy existed as packets based on particles he called atoms, started fields of thermodynamics and kinetics. Committed suicide in 1906 because no one believed him. 7. Albert Einstein late 1905 atoms held the energy (basis for almost all energy equations) 8. Ernest Rutherford (1910) and Neils Bohr (1912) would design the shape and structure of an atom.

4. C. Energy Forms

5. 1. Potential Energy = Stored Energy Figure 8.2

6. 2. Kinetic Energy = Motion Energy Figure 8.2

8. D. Energy Laws

9. 1. Law of Conservation, Constancy, or Quantity of Energy Figure 8.3

10. 2. Law of Transformation, Order, or Quality of Energy Figure 8.3

11. The basis for life on earth is bound to this diagram. Figure 9.2

12. E. Energy Reactions

13. 1. Predicting reaction spontaneity = Free Energy  (ΔG)(ΔG) ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔS = entropy ΔH = enthalpy ΔG = free energy T = absolute temperature

14. Figure 8.5

15. 2. Exergonic reactions = release of free energy 3. Endergonic reactions = absorbs free energy Figure 8.6

16. Figure 8.7

17. F. ATP and and Energy Coupling

18. 1. Structure of ATP Figure 8.8

19. Cycling of ATP Figure 8.9

20. 2. ATP Coupled Reactions Figure 8.10

21. Figure 8.11

22. II. Enzymes A. Definition B. History

23. 1. Pasteur vs. Leibig (1890’s) Fermentation needs intact cells or not 2. Buchner late 1890’s Yeast yield EtOH and CO 2 from catalyst in cells (yeast) coined the term “enzyme” 3. Sumner (1926) isolated crystalline protein called urease

24. C. Function

25. 1. Overview Figure 8.13

26. 2. How? Figure 8.14

27. Figure 8.15

28. 2. How? Figure 8.17

29. 3. Kinetics

30. 3. KineticsLine Weaver-Burk plot

31. Line Weaver-Burk plot

32. 4. Environmental Effects (Temperature) Figure 8.18

33. 4. Environmental Effects (Inhibitors) Figure 8.19

34. 5. Regulation (Allosteric) Figure 8.20

35. 5. Regulation (Feedback Inhibition) Figure 8.21

36. Learning can be such sweet sorrow.