2.  THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1642-1651 WAS CAUSED BY MANY UNPOPULAR POLITICAL DECISIONS OF CHARLES 1st EXECUTED IN 1649 BY OLIVER CROMWELL WHO MADE A REPUBLIC AND BECAME LORD PROTECTOR.  CHARLES 2nd, THE SON OF CHARLES 1st, ESTABLISHED THE MONARCHY IN ENGLAND IN 1660.

3. The English Bourgeois Revolution may be divided into three periods:  1 The Eve of the Revolution (1642);  2. The Civil War (1642-1649);  3. The Formation of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell which lasted until his death in 1660.

4.  THE PURITANS WERE OFTEN CALLED THE ROUNDHEADS.  PURITANISM WAS A FANATICAL MOVEMENT.  ITS PURPOSE WAS TO PURIFY THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND OF ALL ROMAN CATHOLIC INFLUENCE. THEY BANNED ORGANS IN CHURCHES AND SIMPLIFIED ALL CHURCH RITUALS.  THE PURITANS KILLED THE PRIESTS AS THE MEDIATORS BETWEEN MAN AND GOD.  THEY CLOSED ALL THE THEATRES AS CENTRES OF DISORDER AND IMMORALITY.  THE PURITANS WORE BLACK HATS AND CLOTHES AND CONDEMNED AMUSEMENT AS A SINFUL WASTE OF TIME.

5.  THE POPULATION DIVIDED INTO ROYALISTS AND ROUNDHEADS.  POLITICAL LITERATURE APPEARED:THERE WERE LEAFLETS AND PAMPHLETS. LEAFLETS REPORTED THE EVENTS AND PAMPHLETS EXPLAINED THE EVENTS TO THE POPULATION.  JOURNALISM CAME TO START.  THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SESSIONS OF PARLIAMENT WERE PRINTED IN ‘DIURNALS’(JOURNALS IN OLD FRENCH). THE ‘DIURNALS’ CONTAINED THE DAILY INFORMATION OF THE PROCEEDINGS. PERIODICAL POLITICAL PRESS SPRANG UP.

6.  RICHARD LOVELACE (1618-1658), A STAUNCH SUPPORTER OF CHARLES 1 st AND A SUCCESSOR OF BEN JANSON, WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S CLOSE FRIEND. HE WROTE SHORT AND GRACEFUL VERSE AND SPENT ALL HIS MONEY IN SUPPORT OF THE KING.  A REAL FIGHTER OF THE REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND WAS JOHN LILLBURNE, A DISTINGUISHED PUBLICIST OF THAT TIME. HE FOUGHT FOR EQUAL RIGHTS FOR ALL PEOPLE. HE PROCLAIMED THE IDEA OF A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC THAT SHOULD BE BASED ON A FREE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE POPULATION AND THE GOVERNMENT.  MOST OF HIS WORKS WERE WRITTEN IN THE TOWER. HIS PAMPHLET “ THE AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE” APPEARED IN 1647.

7.  JOHN MILTON – THE GREATEST OF ALL PUBLICISTS DURING THE PURITAN REVOLUTION - HIS WORKS AND PAMPHLETS GAVE THEORETICAL FOUNDATION TO THE STRUGGLE OF THE BOURGEOISIE AGAINST THE MONARCHY - HE BECAME THE MAIN IDEOLOGIST OF THAT TIME