1. The History of Trona Cloud Hazardous Air Pollutants “Left Click” to Next Slide

2. Furnace Calciner An Industrial furnace and a rotating cylinder, called a “calciner”, are used to convert trona into soda ash. “Left Click” to Next Slide

3. Furnace Calciner Air Coal / Nat Gas Coal, or natural gas are used to generate the heat needed. This results in combustion products of CO, CO 2, NO X and water vapor. CO, CO 2, NO X, H 2 0 “Left Click” to Next Slide

4. Furnace Calciner Air Coal / Nat Gas Extra air is also fed through the furnace and calciner to help carry the heat from the furnace into the calciner. “Left Click” to Next Slide

5. Furnace Calciner Na 2 CO 3  NaHCO 3  2H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 Trona inSoda Ash out HEAT In order to make soda ash, the trona is heated to about 350 F. “Left Click” to Next Slide

6. Furnace Calciner Na 2 CO 3  NaHCO 3  2H 2 O 2H 2 O +CO 2 Na 2 CO 3 TronaSoda Ash HEAT The trona also releases CO 2, and H 2 0 (water), with each molecule of trona that is converted to soda ash. “Left Click” to Next Slide

7. Furnace Calciner Na 2 CO 3  NaHCO 3  2H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 TronaSoda Ash HEAT Trona ore is not pure but may contain up to 50% of oil shale products. Typically ore grades are maintained at above 80% trona to conserve energy. + Insoluble Material / Oil Shale + “Left Click” to Next Slide

8. Furnace Calciner Na 2 CO 3  NaHCO 3  2H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 TronaSoda Ash HEAT When trona ore is heated, oil shale products are also heated, releasing hazardous air pollutants or “HAPS”. + Insoluble Material / Oil Shale + HAPs 2H 2 O +CO 2 “Left Click” to Next Slide

9. Furnace Calciner Air Coal / Nat Gas Trona + Oil ShaleSoda Ash The State of Wyoming has monitored these smoke stacks or point sources for combustion products (CO, CO 2 ) and particulates, or dust (Opacity). “Left Click” to Next Slide

10. Furnace Calciner Air Coal / Nat Gas Soda Ash The State of Wyoming, did not recognize the potential for HAPS until the 1990s, when suspected liquid oil shale products were found in stack monitoring equipment, during routine stack monitor certifications HAPs Trona + Oil Shale “Left Click” to Next Slide

11. Calciner Soda Ash The Discovery of HAPs in the 1990’s Sounded Alarms at the State Capital and Corporate Boardrooms !!! HAPs HEAT Trona + Oil Shale “Left Click” to Next Slide

12. Calciner Soda Ash Tests Were Conducted to Determine the Quantity and Nature of the HAPS HAPs HEAT Trona + Oil Shale “Left Click” to Next Slide

13. HAPs testing resulted information about the Trona Cloud to become available on the Internet, at EPA’s Website “Left Click” to Next Slide

14. Questions to the state of Wyoming about asbestos discharges and HAPs Information, led to the discovery of alarming errors. “Left Click” to Next Slide

15. Trona Cloud Information being provided to the public, via the EPA, was not reliable. “Left Click” to Next Slide

16. …the State of Wyoming claimed 5 HAPS and slightly over 10,000 lbs/year…in sharp contrast to the EPA reports… “Left Click” to Next Slide

17. …but the quantification of HAPs was based on just looking at the sky... “Left Click” to Next Slide

18. …but the quantification of HAPs was based on just looking at the sky... “Left Click” to Next Slide

19. Calciner TronaSoda Ash HEAT Oil Shale Products HAPs …looks like 5 HAPs and only 5 Tons per Year “Left Click” to Next Slide What goes into The Trona Cloud ???

20. Calciner TronaSoda Ash HEAT Oil Shale Products HAPs What goes into The Trona Cloud ??? Maybe we better run some tests… “Left Click” to Next Slide

21. Calciner TronaSoda Ash HEAT Oil Shale Products HAPs What goes into The Trona Cloud ??? …oops…using these emission (FUDGE) factors, it looks more like 25 HAPs and 2 million pounds per year… “Left Click” to Next Slide

22. 1,3-Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acetophenone Acrolein Acrylonitrile Antimony Compounds Arsenic Compounds Asbestos Benzene Beryllium Compounds Biphenyl Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate Cadmium Compounds Carbon Disulfide Chlorobenzene Chromium Compounds Cobalt Compounds Cumene Dibenzofuran Ethylbenzene Ethylene Dichloride Formaldehyde Hexane Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Fluoride Isophorone Lead Compounds Manganese Compounds Mercury Compounds Methyl Chloride Methyl Chloroform Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methylene Chloride Nickel Compounds Perchloroethylene Phenol Polycyclic Organic Matter Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH Propionaldehyde Selenium Compounds Styrene Toluene Trichloroethylene Xylenes (Mixed Isomers) Trona Cloud HAPS Were Identified and Quantified (2 Million Lbs Per Year) “Left Click” to Next Slide

23. Trona HAPs Reporting - The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? “Left Click” to Next Slide

24. Trona HAPs Reporting - The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? “Left Click” to Next Slide ??? 1990’s Test Work ???

25. Trona HAPs Reporting - The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? ??? 1990’s Test Work ??? Assumptions “Left Click” to Next Slide

26. Trona HAPs Reporting - The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? Assumptions Emission Factors “Left Click” to Next Slide ??? 1990’s Test Work ???

27. Trona HAPs Reporting - The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? Emission Factors Emission Factors Clean Air Act Compliance Assumptions “Left Click” to Next Slide ??? 1990’s Test Work ???

28. Trona HAPs Reporting - The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? Emission Factors Emission Factors Clean Air Act Compliance Assumptions To be continued? “Left Click” to Next Slide ??? 1990’s Test Work ???