1. Joints Hip region Knee region Ankle region

2. sacroiliac joints hip joint pubic symphysis Hip region

4. hip joint Hip region

5. Knee joint Menisci Medial meniscus lateral meniscus Ligaments Cruciate ligaments Collateral ligaments Patellar ligament oblique popliteal ligament Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Knee region

6. Minisci : fibrocartilaginous ‘shock absorbers’ Knee region

7. semilunar cartilages

8. Attachments Knee region

9. 1. The medial meniscus is more injured than the lateral meniscus, why? Knee region

10. Ligaments 1.anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 2.posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) 3.medial collateral ligament (MCL, tibial collateral ligament) 4.lateral collateral ligament (LCL, fibular collateral ligament) 5.oblique popliteal ligament 6.ligamentum patellae Knee region

11. ACL: Anteromedial part of the intercondylar area of tibia to inner aspect of lateral condyle of femur. PCL: Posterolateral part of the intercondylar area of the tibia to inner aspect of medial condyle of femur. Cruciate ligaments Knee region

12. Anterior Cruciate ligament prevents anterior displacement of the tibia in relation to femur in flexion. Knee region

13. Posterior Cruciate ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia in relation to femur in extension. Knee region

14. How to test ACL and PCL?Drawer sign test Knee region

15. 15 Anterior Drawer Test for ACL Physician Position & Movements Patient Position Note direction of forces Knee region

16. 16 Posterior Drawer Testing- PCL Note direction of forces Knee region

17. Collateral ligaments Knee region

19. MCL attaches to the medial meniscus 2. The medial meniscus is more injured than the lateral meniscus, why? Knee region

20. Collateral ligaments action 1.Protect the knee joint from bending side to side. 2.Helps the locking mechanism Knee region

21. 3. The medial meniscus is more injured than the lateral meniscus, why? Knee region

22. Locking mechanism: less energy to maintain the standing position 1.Medial rotation of femur on the tibia during full extension tighten colateral ligaments. Knee region

23. Locking mechanism (2) Joint surfaces become larger and more stable in extension. Knee region

24. Locking mechanism (3) body's center of gravity is positioned along a vertical line that passes anterior to the knee joint. Knee region

25. Collateral ligaments test Knee region

26. 26 Test for MCL Note Direction Of Forces Knee region

27. 27 Test for LCL Note direction of forces Knee region

28. Patellar ligament Strengthening Anterior Aspect of Knee Joint Knee region

29. oblique popliteal ligament Knee region

30. Review (1) patellar ligament (2) tibial (medial) collateral ligament (3) fibular (lateral ) collateral ligament (4) medial meniscus (5) lateral meniscus (6) anterior cruciate ligament (7) posterior cruciate ligament Knee region

31. Joint fibrous capsule Knee region

32. Joint synovial membrane Knee region

34. Bursa little fluid sacs that helps the muscles and tendons slide freely: Prepatellar Infrapatellar Suprapatellar Knee region

35. Bursa Knee region

36. Prepatellar Bursitis Knee region

37. Ankle region Ankle joint (talocrural joint) Subtalar joint (ST J.) Talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN J.)

39. The ankle, or talocrural joint Needs ligaments!

40. Lateral ligament s of talocrural joint

41. Medial ligament s of talocrural joint

42. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a hinge joint Plantar Flexion Dorsi Flexion Inversion/Eversion?

43. Intertarsal joint: Subtalar joint (ST J.) Talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN J.) Calcaneocuboid (small rotation) Naviculoconeiforms (almost no movement)

44. Calcaneous bone

46. Subtalar joint

47. Lateral

48. Medial

49. sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) fracture

50. Subtalar joint

52. TCN joint

53. Talocalcaneonavicular joint

55. Calcaneonavicular L.

56. Other ligaments Calcaneofibular Deltoid Talocalcaneal

57. Calcaneofibular

58. Talar tilt test to evaluate the calcaneofibular ligament.

59. Deltoid

61. eversion injuries : Pott's fracture

62. inversion injuries: ankle sprain

63. Inteosseeous talocalcaneal ligament separates the ST J. from TCN J.