1. Present Subjunctive: An Introduction Expressing Subjective Actions or States Present Subjunctive: An Introduction hablarcomerescribirvolverdecir hablecomaescribavuelvadiga Singularhablescomasescribasvuelvasdigas hablecomaescribavuelvadiga hablemoscomamosescribamosvolvamosdigamos Pluralhabléiscomáisescribáisvolváisdigáis hablencomanescribanvuelvandigan 37

2. Use of the Subjunctive: Influence Expressing Desires and Requests Use of the Subjunctive: Influence MAINSUBORDINATE (INDEPENDENT) (DEPENDENT) CLAUSECLAUSE Yo quieroquetú pagues la cuenta. I wantyou to pay the bill. La profesora prefierequelos estudiantes no lleguen tarde. The professor prefersthatthe students don’t arrive late. 38

3. Use of the Subjunctive: Emotion Expressing Feelings Use of the Subjunctive: Emotion MAINSUBORDINATE (INDEPENDENT) (DEPENDENT) CLAUSE first subject + indicative quesecond subject + subjunctive (expression of emotion) Esperamos que Ud. pueda asistir. We hope (that) you’ll be able to come. Tengo miedo de que mi abuelo esté muy enfermo. I’m afraid (that) my grandfather is very ill. Es una lástima que no den aumentos este año. It’s a shame they’re not giving raises this year. 39

4. Use of the Subjunctive: Doubt and Denial Expressing Uncertainty Use of the Subjunctive: Doubt and Denial MAIN SUBORDINATE (INDEPENDENT) (DEPENDENT) CLAUSE first subject + indicative que second subject + subjunctive (expression of doubt or denial) No creo que sean estudiantes. I don’t believe they’re students. Es imposible que ella esté con él. It’s impossible for her to be with him. 40

5. Use of the Subjunctive: A Summary Expressing Influence, Emotion, Doubt, and Denial Use of the Subjunctive: A Summary MAIN SUBORDINATE (INDEPENDENT) (DEPENDENT) CLAUSE first subject + indicative que second subject + subjunctive influence expression of emotion doubt, denial 41

6. Subjunctive After Nonexistent and Indefinite Antecedents (Part 1) ¿Hay alguien que… ? ¿Hay un lugar donde… ? Subjunctive After Nonexistent and Indefinite Antecedents (Part 1) EXISTENT ANTECEDENT: Hay algo aquí que me interesa. There is something here that interests me. 44 DEFINITE ANTECEDENT: Hay muchos restaurantes donde sirven comida mexicana auténtica. There are a lot of restaurants where they serve authentic Mexican food. NONEXISTENT ANTECEDENT: No veo nada aquí que me interese. No veo nada aquí que me interese. I don’t see anything that interests me. INDEFINITE ANTECEDENT: Buscamos un restaurante donde sirvan comida salvadoreña auténtica. We’re looking for a restaurant where they serve authentic Salvadoran food.

7. Subjunctive After Nonexistent and Indefinite Antecedents (Part 2) ¿Hay alguien que… ? ¿Hay un lugar donde… ? Subjunctive After Nonexistent and Indefinite Antecedents (Part 2) 44 DEFINITE ANTECEDENT: Sí, hay varias bolsas que me gustan. Yes, there are several purses that I like. INDEFINITE ANTECEDENT: ¿Hay algo aquí que te guste? Is there anything here that you like? OJOOJO The dependent adjective clause structure is often used in questions to find out about someone or something the speaker does not know much about. Note, however, that the indicative is used to answer the question if the antecedent is known to the person who answers.

8. Subjunctive After Nonexistent and Indefinite Antecedents (Part 3) ¿Hay alguien que… ? ¿Hay un lugar donde… ? Subjunctive After Nonexistent and Indefinite Antecedents (Part 3) 44 EXISTENT ANTECEDENT: Busco al señor que sabe francés. I’m looking for the man who knows French. NONEXISTENT ANTECEDENT: Busco un señor que sepa francés. I’m looking for a man who knows French. OJOOJO The personal a is not used with direct object nouns that refer to hypothetical persons. Compare the use of the indicative and the subjunctive in the sentences above.

9. Subjunctive After Conjunctions of Contingency and Purpose (Part 1) Lo hago para que tú... Subjunctive After Conjunctions of Contingency and Purpose (Part 1) 45 CONJUNCTIONS OF CONTINGENCY AND PURPOSE (ALWAYS INTRODUCE THE SUBJUNCTIVE) a menos queunless antes (de) quebefore con tal (de) queprovided (that) en caso de quein case para queso that

10. PREPOSITION (one subject): Estoy aquí para aprender. I’m here to (in order to) learn. 45 PREPOSITION (one subject): Voy a comer antes de salir. I’m going to eat before leaving. CONJUNCTION (two subjects): Estoy aquí para que Uds. aprendan. Estoy aquí para que Uds. aprendan. I’m here so that you will learn. CONJUNCTION (two subjects): Voy a comer antes de que salgamos. I’m going to eat before we leave. Subjunctive After Conjunctions of Contingency and Purpose (Part 2) Lo hago para que tú... Subjunctive After Conjunctions of Contingency and Purpose (Part 2)