1. Testing for Blood

2. Presumptive Tests for Blood Determination
Kastle-Meyer color test—a mixture of phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide; the hemoglobin will cause the formation of a deep pink color if blood is present
Hematest tablet—reacts with the heme group in blood, causing a blue-green color
Luminol test—reaction with blood to produce light

3. Human versus Animal Blood
Microscopic observation
Precipitin test—blood is injected into a rabbit; antibodies are formed; the rabbit’s blood is extracted as an antiserum; the antiserum is placed on sample blood. The sample will react with human proteins if human blood is present. This test is very sensitive and requires only a small amount of blood.

4. Animal Blood
Larger nucleic red blood cells
Frog blood

5. Luminol with false positive (bleach)
Testing for Blood
A positive result from the Kastle-Meyer color test is highly indicative of blood. Hemoglobin causes a deep pink color.
Alternatively, the luminol test is used to search out trace amounts of blood located at crime scenes.
Luminol produces light (luminescence) in a darkened area.
Courtesy of C. Fanning
Luminol with false positive (bleach)
Courtesy of C. Fanning
Courtesy of C. Fanning

6. Testing for Blood
Microcrystalline tests, such as the Takayama and Teichmann tests, depend on the addition of specific chemicals to the blood so that characteristic crystals will be formed.
Cont.

7. Testing for Blood
Once the stain has been characterized as blood, the precipitin test will determine whether the stain is of human or animal origin.

8. Testing for Blood
The precipitin test uses antisera normally derived from rabbits that have been injected with the blood of a known animal to determine the species origin of a questioned bloodstain.
Once it has been determined that the bloodstain is of human origin, an effort must be made to associate or dissociate the stain with a particular individual.
DNA analysis has allowed forensic scientists to associate blood to a single individual.

9. Heredity and Paternity
The transmission of hereditary material is accomplished by means of microscopic units called genes, located on chromosomes.
Alternative forms of genes that influence a given characteristic (such as eye color or blood type) are known as alleles.
Paternity testing has historically involved the A-B-O blood typing system, along with blood factors other than A-B-O.
Currently, paternity testing has implemented DNA test procedures that can raise the odds of establishing paternity beyond 99 percent.