1.  R = Red eyesRr X Rr  r = White eyes

2. Used to confirm whether a set of data follows a specific probability distribution. IE…how likely is it that deviations from expected results are due solely to chance?

3.  Uses a sample to test whether a frequency distribution fits the predicted distribution  Example: Used to answer the following ques ◦ Can we conclude that the 3:1 ratio is true based on the observation of _____(#) of fruit flies.

4.  The chi-square test basically compares the observed (O) and the expected (E) frequencies to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference  Observed frequency is the # of flies seen for each phenotype  Expected frequency is the # of flies expected for each penotype  Example: if cross is a monohybrid one, you would expect a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. Therefore, if you observed 100 flies, 75 of them should have the dominant phenotype, while 25 of them should have the recessive phenotype

5.  Use the following equation:

6.  Use an already constructed table to see where your Chi-square value falls.  Which row you look in depends on the number of degrees of freedom. ◦ The number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of phenotypic categories minus 1.  Monohybrid…  Dihybrid…  Sex-linked…

7.  2 ways to analyze ◦ if X 2 is less than number in box, good fit… ◦ If P value is greater than.05, than good fit Means your data did not happen by chance.

8.  A cross between two fruit flies that are heterozygous for red eyes produced the following offspring: ◦ 260 Red eyes ◦ 178 White eyes  Calculate X 2 for this experiment