1. DoD HPC Modernization Program & Move Toward Emerging Architectures
Tom Dunn
Naval Meteorology & Oceanography Command
20 November 2014

2. HPC RECENT TRENDS Per Top500 List
RECENT 2014 DOD ACQUISITIONS
EXPECTED PROCESSOR COMPETITION
ONWARD TOWARD EXASCALE

3. Navy DoD SUPERCOMPUTING RESOURCE CENTER
Peak Computational Performance (Teraflops)
Estimates Follow Moore’s Law (~2x every 2 yrs)
1997 – TFs (Dec) – TFs
2001 – TFs (Jul) – 2,556 TFs
TFs (Jul) – 5,760 TFs est.
2006 – TFs (Jul) –10,000 TFs est.
2008 – TFs 3

4. Navy DSRC Capabilities
One of the most capable HPC centers in the DoD and the nation
Chartered as a DoD Supercomputing Center in 1994
Computational performance approximately doubles every two years; Currently 2,556 Teraflops
Systems reside on the Defense Research and Engineering Network (DREN) with 10 Gb connectivity – 19 Dec 2013
15% of Navy DSRC’s computational and storage capacity reserved for CNMOC activities operational use
R&D and CNMOC Ops are placed in separate system partitions and queues 4

5. Top500® Systems by Architecture, June 2006–June 2014

6. Number of CPUs in the Top500® Systems by Architecture Type, June 2006–June 2014

7. Number of Systems in the Top500® Utilizing Co-Processors or Accelerators, June 2009–June 20147

8. Number of Systems in the Top500® by Co-Processors or Accelerators Type, June 2009–June 20148

9. Number of Cores in the Top500® by Co-Processors or Accelerators Type, June 2011–June 20149

10. Number of Cores in the June 2014 Top500® by CPU Manufacturer10

11. TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTER LIST (JUNE 2014)
BY OEM Supplier
TOP 500
CRAY INC 51
DELL 8
HEWLETT PACKARD
182
IBM
176
SGI 19
TOTAL
436
Other Suppliers 64

12. High Performance Computing Modernization Program 2014 HPC Awards
Feb. 2014
Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) DSRC, Dayton, OH
Cray XC-30 System (Lightning)
teraFLOPS
- 56,880 Compute Cores (2.7 GHz Intel Ivy Bridge)
- 32 NVIDIA Tesla K40 GPGPUs
Navy DSRC, Stennis Space Center, MS
Cray XC-30 (Shepard)
- 813 teraFLOPS
- 28,392 Compute Cores (2.7 GHz Intel Ivy Bridge)
- 124 Hybrid nodes, each consisting of 10 Ivy Bridge cores and a 60 core Intel Xeon 5120D Phi
Cray XC-30 (Armstrong)
- 786 teraFLOPS
- 29,160 Compute cores (2.7 GHz Intel Ivy Bridge) 12

13. High Performance Computing Modernization Program 2014 HPC Awards
September 2014
Army Research Lab (ARL) DSRC, Aberdeen, MD
Cray XC-40 System
petaFLOPS
- 101,312 compute cores (2.3 GHz Intel Xeon Haswell)
- 32 NVIDIA Tesla K40 GPGPUs
- 411 TB memory
- 4.6 PB storage
Army Engineer Research Development Center (ERDC) DSRC, Vicksburg, MS
SGI ICE X System
petaFLOPS
- 125,440 compute cores (2.3 GHz Intel Xeon Haswell)
- 32 NVIDIA Tesla K40 GPGPUs
- 440 TB memory
PB storage 13

14. High Performance Computing Modernization Program 2014/2015 HPC Awards
Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) DSRC, Dayton, OH
FY15 Funded
OEM and Contract Award - TBD
- 100,000+ compute cores
- 3.5 – 5.0 petaFLOPS
Navy DSRC, Stennis Space Center, MS 14

15. Weather & Climate Operational Supercomputing System (WCOSS)
ECMWF (Top 500 List Jun 2014)
2 Cray XC30 Systems
each with 81,160 compute cores (2.7 GHz Intel Ivy Bridge)
1,796 teraFLOPS
NOAA NWS/NCEP
Weather & Climate Operational Supercomputing System (WCOSS)
Phase I 2 IBM iDataplex systems
each with 10,048 compute cores (2.6 GHz Intel Sandy Bridge)
213 teraFLOPS
Phase II (Jan 2015) Addition
2 IBM NeXtScale systems
each with 24,192 compute cores (2.7GHz Intel Ivy Bridge)
585 teraFLOPS 15

16. UK Meterological Office IBM Power 7 System 18,432 compute cores (3
UK Meterological Office IBM Power 7 System 18,432 compute cores (3.836 GHz) 565 teraFLOPS 15,360 compute cores (3.876 GHz) 471 teraFLOPS Oct 2014 Announcement 128M Contract 2 Cray XC-40 systems (Intel Xeon Haswell initially) >13 times faster than current system total of 480,000 compute cores Phase 1a replace Power 7s by Sep 2015 Phase 1b extend both systems to power limit by Mar 2016 Phase 1c add one new system by Mar 2017 16

17. Expected Near Term HPC Processor Options
2016
Intel and ARM
- Cray has ARM in-house for testing
2017
- Intel, ARM, & IBM Power 9 (with closely coupled NVIDIA GPUs) 17

18. DoD Applications & Exascale Computing
General external impression
In the 2024 timeframe, DoD will have no requirement for a balanced exascale supercomputer (untrue)
DoD should not be a significant participant in exascale planning for the U.S. (untrue)
Reality
DoD has compelling coupled multi-physics problems which will require more tightly-integrated resources than technologically possible in the 2024 timeframe
DoD has many other use cases which will benefit from the power efficiencies and novel technologies generated by the advent of exascale computing 18

19. HPCMP & 2024 DoD Killer Applications
HPCMP Categorizes Users Base into 11 Computational Technology Areas (CTAs)
Climate Weather Ocean (CWO) is one of 11 CTAs
Dr. Burnett (CNMOC TD) is the DoD HPCMP CWO CTA leader
Each CTA leader tasked in FY14 to project Killer Apps in their CTA
Dr. Burnett’s CWO CTA analysis lead by Lockheed Martin
Primary focus is on HYCOM but includes NAVGEM, and ESPC
Expect follow-on FY15 funding
Develop appropriate Kiviat diagrams (example to follow)
NRL Stennis part of an ONR sponsored NOPP project starting FY14 to look at attached processors (i.e. GPGPUs and accelerators) for HYCOM+CICE+WW3 19

20. Relevant Technology Issues
Classical computing advances may stall in the next 10 years
22nm (feature size for latest processors)
14nm (anticipated feature size in 2015)
5-7nm (forecast limit for classical methods)
Recent 3D approaches currently used and dense 3D approaches contemplated, but have limitations
Mean-time-between-failures (MTBF) will decrease dramatically
Petascale (hours to days)
Exascale (minutes)
Data management exacale hurdles
Power management exascale hurdles 20

21. Relevant Software Issues
Gap between intuitive coding (i.e. readily relatable to domain science) and high performance coding will increase
Underpinnings of architectures will change more rapidly than codes can be refactored
Parallelism of underlying mathematics will become asymptotic (at some point) despite the need to scale to millions [if not billions] of processing cores
Current parallel code is based (in general) on synchronous communications; however, asynchronous methods may be necessary to overcome technology issues 21

22. Path Forward (Deliverables) [cont.]
Kiviat diagram conveying system architecture requirements for each impactful advent 22

23. March Toward Exascale Computing
Dept of Energy target for exascale in 2024
Japan target for exascale in 2020 (with $1B gov assistance)
China target for exascale now in 2020 (originally in 2018)
HPCMP’s systems expected in 7 or 8 years – 100 petaflops 23