1. An introduction

2. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles

3. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak

4. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe

5. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe Hair on second digit of fingerNo hair on digit

6. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe Hair on second digit of fingerNo hair on digit DimplesNo dimples

7. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe Hair on second digit of fingerNo hair on digit DimplesNo dimples Straight thumbHitchhiker’s thumb

8. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe Hair on second digit of fingerNo hair on digit DimplesNo dimples Straight thumbHitchhiker’s thumb Cleft chinSmooth chin

9. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe Hair on second digit of fingerNo hair on digit DimplesNo dimples Straight thumbHitchhiker’s thumb Cleft chinSmooth chin Tongue rollsTongue cannot roll

10. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe Hair on second digit of fingerNo hair on digit DimplesNo dimples Straight thumbHitchhiker’s thumb Cleft chinSmooth chin Tongue rollsTongue cannot roll Curled up noseRoman nose

11. YOUR Traits… FrecklesNo freckles Widow’s peakNo widow’s peak Free ear lobeAttached ear lobe Hair on second digit of fingerNo hair on digit DimplesNo dimples Straight thumbHitchhiker’s thumb Cleft chinSmooth chin Tongue rollsTongue cannot roll Curled up noseRoman nose Dominant traitsRecessive traits

12. Less desirable traits… Polydactyly (6+ fingers/toes; autosomal dominant), Marfan syndrome (connective tissue disorder; an autosomal dominant disorder that has been linked to the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15) autosomal dominantgenechromosome Tay-Sachs disease (TSD, fatal in its most common variant known as Infantile Tay-Sachs disease; fatty acid deposits in brain nerve cells; autosomal recessive.)recessive Huntington's disease (autosomal dominant neurological disorder, cell death in brain 8/100,000) neurological disorder

13. Polydactyly

14. Marfan Syndrome

15. Less desirable traits Neurofibromatosis (autosomal dominant; causes tumors to grow along types of nerves, can affect the dev. of non-nervous tissues such as bones and skin. Type I, chrom. 17, (1/3000); Type II, chrom. 22, (1/40,000)autosomal dominant Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, disease of the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) a portion of the myocardium is hypertrophied (thickened) without any obvious cause; most famous as a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes; a cause of sudden unexpected cardiac death in any age group and as a cause of disabling cardiac symptoms.)myocardiummuscleheartmyocardiumhypertrophied sudden cardiac death

16. Neurofibromatosis

18. Joseph Merrick “The Elephant Man”

19. History Hippocrates Ancient Greece (400 B.C.) Pangenesis particles from throughout body are passed to sperm or egg; also, changes in the body are passed on Problem with it: 1) Particles from somatic cells don’t make up gametes 2) Changes in somatic cells (body) don’t affect gametes

20. History Blending Hypothesis Early 19 th century Hereditary materials from m/f blend, or mix. Problem with it: “Mixing” isn’t true, original traits can show up again later.

21. History Gregor Mendel (1866) Monk, lived & worked in an abbey in Brunn, Austria. Had attended U. of Vienna; knew physics, mathematics, chemistry. Worked in garden. Studied peas. Curious as to why certain traits kept appearing on peas.

22. History Concluded these things: 1. Inheritance controlled by “factors” passed from parents to offspring. 2. Principle of Dominance/Recessiveness 3. Law of Segregation Pair of factors is separated during gamete formation (anaphase) 4. Law of Independent Assortment Factors separate independently during gamete formation (metaphase)

23. Terms: P generation: parents F 1 generation: offsp. of P’s F 2 generation: offsp. of F 1 gen.

24. Terms: Hybrid (Cross): offsp. of two diff.varieties Monohybrid Cross: Crossing one trait Dihybrid: two traits Tri… Allele: alt. forms of same gene Homozygous: identical alleles for same char. Heterozygous: 2+ diff. alleles for same char.

25. An example:

26. Terms: Phenotype: the expressed traits of an org: (what it looks like)

27. Terms Genotype (the genetic makeup of an org.)

28. This is how Mendel controlled his crosses to produce a new generation…

32. heterozygous homozygous The F1 generations were all heterozygous for the trait being observed. The original P generations were pure homozygous for the traits. Ex: The P gen. for flower color was PP x pp. The F1 was Pp x Pp.

33. Terms: Consider the genotypes TT Tt tt Dominant allele (in Heterotroph., allele that determines phenotype [T]) Recessive allele (in Het., allele that has no noticeable affect on phen. [t])

34. Terms: Punnett Square Tool used to predict offspring ratios Try this: Show why there are about ½ males and ½ females born to humans…

35. An example