1. LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATIONS
Typological Classifications of Languages

2. Language classifications
Genetic
Typological

3. Sanskrit Ukrainian English
Мāтар - матір - mother
Відгава - вдова - widow
Свасар - сестра - sister
Мус - миша - mouse
Вāюс - вітер - wind
Гірі - гора - hill
Нава - новий - new
дваӮ - два - two
Траяс - три - three
Панча - пять - five

4. Language classifications
Genetic
Languages share linguistic properties because they’re genetically related, historically, they evolved from the same parent language.
Historical Comparative Linguistics
Typological
Typological classifications are based on shared formal characteristics of languages, irrespective of their origin: properties of sounds, words, sentences.
Linguistic Typology

5. Typological classifications
English (Germanic), Classical Arabic (Semitic), Russian (Slavic), form wh-questions by placing the wh-phrase at the front of the sentence (called wh-fronting):
Who did you meet?
What did he do?
By contrast, Chinese, Japanese, and Egyptian Arabic form wh-questions by leaving the wh-phrase in the end:
You met who?
He did what?

6. Typological classifications
Frederick Schlegel ( )
August Schlegel ( )
Wilhelm Humboldt ( )

7. Typological classifications
Morphological
Syntactic
Phonological

8. Morphological Classification
Isolating languages
Agglutinating languages
Flectional languages
synthetic languages
analytic languages
Polysynthetic languages

9. Isolating Languages
Each word in the sentence consists of just one morpheme:
[ wƆ mǝn tan tçin ]
[ wƆ mǝn tan tçin lǝ ]
[ ta da wƆ mǝn ]

10. Agglutinating Languages
Each morpheme expresses only one meaning element.
The breaks between morphemes (e.g. between root and affix) are usually easy to identify.

11. Agglutinating Languages Turkish
ev - house el hand
ev-im my house
ev-e to a house
ev-in of a house
ev-de in a house
ev-imiz our house
ev-ler houses
ev-ĵik-ler - little houses
ev-ler-de , ev-ler-imiz-e
N-A-pl-pron-prep
of our little hands
el-ĵik- ler -imiz -in

12. Agglutinating Languages Swahili
Present Past Future
ni-na-soma ni-li-soma ni-ta-soma
u-na-soma
a-na-soma

13. Flectional (Fusional)
each affixal morpheme expresses more than one meaning
morphemes are frequently fused together (root morphemes are affected by affixal morphemes)
Ukr.: чита-є чита-в
пис-ав пиш-е
несу носив
Greek: lu-o ‘I loose’
lu-ousin ‘They loose’

14. Flectional languages Synthetic
(читає, читають, читав, України, Петро бачив Анну)
Analytic
(is reading, are reading, was reading, capital of Ukraine, Peter saw Ann)

15. Polysynthetic (Incorporating)
These languages typically combine many morphemes to form very long words.
qasu-iir-sar-vig-ssar-si-ngit-luinar-nar-puq
‘Someone did not find a completely suitable resting place.’

16. isolating→analytic→agglutinating →synthetic
Historically, synthetic morphology is usually derived from agglutinative morphology, which in turn is derived from the analytic use of function words:
isolating→analytic→agglutinating →synthetic
Hence, different languages usually possess features of different morphological types

17. Agglutination features in English
Сomerse
Comersial, comersialism,comercialist(ic)
establish
establish-ment
establish-ment-ary
establish-ment-ari-an
establish-ment-ari-an-ism
dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism
anti-dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism

18. Synthetic features in English
write - wrote - written
study - studied
study - studies
good - better
wife - wives

19. Analytic features in English
Come- are coming
Take – will take
Does – is done
Get – have got
Difficult – more difficult
A book - the book

20. Polysynthetic features in English
a devil-may-care attitude
a merry-go-round

21. The type of language is established on the basis of its predominant features.
Isolating__E_____________U______Polysynthetic

22. REVISION
What is the difference of genetic and typological classification of languages?
What is the type of language based on?
Which language type construct words from clearly defined morphemes?
In which language type affixes are not easy to separate from the stem?
Which language type has mostly one- morpheme words?
Which language type combines many morphemes to form very long words?
Are there pure types of languages?

23. Comment on the slide Sanskrit Ukrainian English Мāтар - матір - mother
Відгава - вдова - widow
Свасар - сестра - sister
Мус - миша - mouse
Вāюс - вітер - wind
Гірі - гора - hill
Нава - новий - new
дваӮ - два - two
Траяс - три - three
Панча - пять - five

25. d) Mandarin
Ta chi fan le
he eat meal …

26. Syntactic classifications
Basic word orders
SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OVS, OSV

27. Basic word order types in the world’s languages
SOV 45 %
SVO 42 %
VSO 9 %
VOS 3 %
OVS 1 %
OSV 1 %

28. Phonological classifications
Vocalic
Consonantal

29. Language Total Abkhaz 68 3 71 Italian 35 7 42 Ukrainian 33 5 38
Consonants
Vowels
Total
Abkhaz 68 3 71
Italian 35 7 42
Ukrainian 33 5 38
Georgian 28
English 24 20 44
French 17 18
Finnish 14 16 30
Estonian 27 51
Thai 55

30. Phonological Classifications
tone languages
stress languages
Tonemes give paradigmatic prominence to a syllable, while stress mainly gives syntagmatic prominence.

31. Tone languages (languages with tonemes)
Chinese:
ma 1 “mother” a high level tone
ma 2 “hemp” a rising tone
ma 3 “horse” a low falling-rising tone
ma 4 “to scold” a falling tone

32. Stress languages last syllable (French, Turkish)
free stress(or unpredictable)
fixed stress (or predictable)
last syllable (French, Turkish)
first syllable (Czech, Hungarian, Latvian)
penultimate (second-last) syllable (Polish, Swahili)

33. Home task: Korunets I. p.33 Topics for class discussion
Home assignment
Find 2 examples typical of each morphological language type in Ukrainian and English