1. American Anthropology THE BEGINNING OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN AMERICAN AND CORE CONCEPTS

2. Learning Objectives 1) Develop a timeline for emergence of American anthropology 2) Recognize the influence of European scholars on American anthropology 3) Distinguish between early ideas of cultural and biological variation and current understanding of such processes. (Note: represents a course theme) 4) Describe the scientific method and how it is used to develop theories of cultural change and diversity.

3. Unlinear Evolutionism  ‘Armchair’ Anthropologists  [Note: As emphasis on scientific methodology grew, both methods and ‘theories’ were challenged]

4. Unlinear Evolutionism  Result of ‘Armchair’ Anthropology = _________  __________________________________________  Cultures evolve in a ____________towards an end ________________________________  Cultural traits have a __________________

5. Unlinear Evolutionism  Louis Henjry Morgan  Example: Polynesians of the Solomon Islands

6. Unlinear Evolutionism  E. B. Tylor  Checkpoint: What does ‘living fossils’ mean?

7. Unlinear Evolutionism Summary  Positive  Negative

8. Historical Particularism  Four-Field Approach  Emphasized different __________  Focused on demonstrating that _________ ____________________________

9. Historical Particularism  Historical Particularism  Emphasized that _______________________________  Cultures should be ____________________________  Methods of cultural analysis = ____________  Rejected _______________________

10. Historical Particularism  Franz Boas -- Father of American Anthropology  Cultures _______________________________  _____________________________________  Emphasized _______________  Checkpoint: How is diffusion defined in cultural anthropology?  ______________________________________  Example: Subsistence practice

11. Historical Particularism Summary  Positive  Negative

12. Functionalism  Emphasizes the ________________________________  Challenged both __________________________  Important scholars:  Malinowski (Father of Ethnography)  Radcliffe-Brown

13. Functionalism  Malinowski, a Functionalist because of:  _______________________________  ____________________________________  _____________________________________  _________________  Cultural customs are____________________________

14. Structural Functionalism  Radcliffe-Brown  Role that _______________________________________  Theoretical category of _______________________  Culture & cultural practices ________________, which is maintained by the _____________________________  Viewed _________________________________________

15. Functionalism  Functionalism – Still Present in Anthropology  Despite challenges to the general theme, a form of functionalism is still a very active perspective in anthropology  “…there are social & cultural systems and that their elements…are functionally related so that they covary,” (Kottak, 2013, p.65)

16. Configurationalism  Culture viewed ______________________________  Pulled from both ___________________________________  ________________ is not automatic  ___________________________________________  Considered to be part of ________________ anthropology  Scholars: Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead

17. Interpretive Anthropology  Geertz  _______________________________  ____________________________________  Known for his 1973 Balinese cockfighting essay

18. Structuralism  Levi-Strauss  Idea of structuralism evolved over time  ______________________, giving shape to seemingly disparate cultures and creations  Main universal structure = ___________________________  Used ___________________to emphasis his point  Underlying ________________________

19. Various Theoretical Perspectives – 20 th century ScholarTheoretical School of Thought MorganUnilinear Evolutionism TylorUnilinear Evolutionism BoasHistorical Particularism, Father of American Anthropology MalinowskiFunctionalism, Father of Ethnography Radcliffe-BrownStructural Functionalism BenedictConfigurationalism, Student of Boas MeadConfigurationalism, Student of Boas WhiteNeoevolution StewardNeoevolution, specifically Cultural Ecology HarrisCultural Materialism DurkheimConscience collectif, or ‘Collective Consciousness’ TurnerSymbolic Anthropology DouglasSymbolic Anthropology GeertzInterpretive Anthropology Levi-StraussStructuralism

20. Scientific method  ___________________

21. Scientific method  What is a hypothesis?  ___________________.

22. Scientific method  Hypotheses are subject to _______________  Must be _________  _________________ _________________

23. Scientific method  What is a theory?  ___________________  Can you think of an example of a theory?.

24. Scientific method  Induction  ___________________  Deduction  ___________________

25. Scientific method Four steps:  ___________________