2. Empires, Migrations, & Trade

3. Mesopotamian Empires, 1800-600 BCE

4. Akkadian Empire The first “empire”

5. Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]

6. Akkadian Empire

7. Akkadian Innovations Given credit for the world’s first empire Sargon of Akkad Multiethnic centrally ruled empire Euphrates River to Mediterranean with parts of modern-day Iran,Syria, Anatolia, and Arabian Peninsulas Continuation of Sumerian civilization and innovations

8. The Babylonian Empires

9. Babylonian Empire Flourished from approximately 2050-1600 BCE. Hammurabi’s law code and the Epic of Gilgamesh are two of the most notable achievements of this empire Hitittes from Anatolia sacked Babylon sometime around 1600 BCE which destroyed the last remnants of the empire.

10. Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

11. Hammurabi, the Judge

13. Indo-European Migrations Various tribes who all spoke related languages deriving from some original common tongue and who eventually settled Europe, Iran, and Northern India. Formed the common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, and India Probable original homeland: Caucausus, Southern Russian plains to the North or in Eastern Anatolia Between 3000 and 2000 BCE the Indo-Europeans were driven from West Asia by some disaster. The tribes dispersed in all directions and when they encountered agricultural peoples, they turned to conquest to occupy the land. The Indo-European migrations set the stage for profound changes across Eurasia.

14. Indo-European Migrations Indo-Europeans domesticated horses by 4000 BCE. By 3000 BCE Sumerian knowledge of bronze metallurgy and wheels had diffused north They developed transportation technologies that were faster and more efficient than other alternatives. It gave them a military advantage because of the strength and speed of their horses. Many Indo-Europeans considered themselves superior to other peoples. Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels Iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later sack Babylonia

15. The Hittites Most influential of the Indo-Europeans were the Hittites 1900 BCE-went to central Anatolia and imposed their rule on the people there. 1600 BCE toppled the Babylonian Empire 2 major technological innovations: 1. light, horse-drawn war chariots 2. refinement of iron metallurgy Sumerian chariots were heavy and slow, but Hittites used spoked wheels that were lighter and more maneuverable Chariot technology diffused widely so that charioteers because elite strike forces of armies After 1300 Hittites refined techniques of iron metallurgy which made it more effective weapons cheaply and in large quantities. (Heated iron and made it more durable) Hittites weren’t the original inventors of these two technologies but they improved and introduced innovations that others adopted.

16. Other Indo-European Migrations Indo-European migrations to the East went into central Asia and went as far as China Indo-European migrations to the West 1 group went into Greece and then later into central Italy Another group went from Southern Russia into Central Europe and Western Europe and then to the British Isles, the Baltic region, and the Iberian peninsula Indo-European migrations to the south went into Iran and India

18. Indo-European Migrations 3000-1000 BCE

19. Attacks of the Sea Peoples Around 1185 BCE maritime attacks from the western Mediterranean destroyed the Hittites’ power This ushered in a period of Small Kingdoms (1200 BCE – 750 BCE) when small kingdoms sprang up at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Two of the most significant were: 1. Hebrews 2. Phoenicians

20. The Early Hebrews Abraham led the Hebrews from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE)

21. Abraham’s Geneaology ABRAHAM SARAH HAGAR Isaac Esau Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes

22. Abraham’s Journey from Ur Canaan  The “Promised Land”

23. Abraham’s Journeys

24. Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People The Torah  The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible.  The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition.  The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible.  The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition.

25. Ancient Palestine

26. Moses and Monotheism Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god Denies existence of competing parallel deities Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law The Torah ( “ doctrine or teaching ” )

27. Moses “Prince of Egypt” “Shepherd of His People”

28. The Exodus

29. Route of the Exodus

30. Moses and the 10 Commandmets A new “covenant” with Yahweh

31. Mount Sinai

32. King David’s Empire

33. Solomon’s Kingdom Solomon’s Kingdom

34. Kingdoms of Judah & Israel Kingdoms of Judah & Israel

35. Israelites in Captivity

36. Foreign conquests of Israel Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE Conquered the northern kingdom Deported many inhabitants to other regions Many exiles assimilated and lost their identity Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE Destroyed Jerusalem Forced many into exile Israelites maintained their religious identity and many returned to Judea

37. The Phoenicians City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE Extensive maritime trade Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE Established colonies-Carthage Development of alphabet symbols Simpler alternative to cuneiform Spread of literacy

41. Israel and Phoenicia, 1500-600 BCE

42. Assyrian Empire “A land bathed in blood”

43. Assyrian Innovations Were dominant 750-612 BCE Mostly known for military prowess: excavation of city walls, battering rams, corps of engineers, pontoons, “life” jackets Combines Sumer and Akkad lands Conquered Fertile Crescent, Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, Israel, and Anatolia with the capital at Nineveh Were Cruel and brutal Fell when subject peoples revolted

44. The Assyrian Empire ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

45. Assyrian Military Power Assyrian soldiers carrying away the enemy’s gods.

46. Neo-Babylonian Empires Nebuchadnezzer

47. Neo-Babylonian Innovations Ruled from 626-539 BCE Some notable achievements occurred under Nebuchadnezzar Ishtar Gate Hanging Gardens of Babylon Responsible for exiling the Hebrews to Babylon- Babylonian Captivity Hebrews were freed when the Persians (an Indo- European people east of Mesopotamia conquered Babylon

48. Ishtar Gate

49. Hanging Gardens of Babylon and tower of Babel

50. Israelites in Captivity

52. Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon

53. Babylon under the Neo- Babylonians

55. Expansion of Trade

56. Growth of Regional and Transregional Trade Although empires came and went, trade continued to expand through this period Trade between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley flourished. Trade also expanded between Egypt and Nubia

57. The Extent of Mesopotamian Trade

58. Egypt and Nubia (Kush)

59. Ancient Nubia Kush, the Egyptian name for ancient Nubia, was the site of a highly advanced, ancient black African civilization that rivaled ancient Egypt in wealth, power and cultural development.

60. Kerma The first capital of Kush lay at Kerma just south of the Third Cataract of the Nile. Here dwelt powerful and wealthy black kings who controlled the trade routes connecting central Africa with ancient Egypt.

61. Egypt Conquers Kush The Egyptians, who had few natural resources of their own, sought the precious, exotic products of central Africa to satisfy the demands of their luxury-loving populace. By about 1500 B.C., the Egyptians, feeling threatened by the Nubian kings, invaded Kush and conquered it.

62. Gold from Nubia Model coffin of Tutankhamun, probably made from Nubian gold. Found in his tomb at Thebes. Egypt, Dynasty 18, ca. 1348-1338 BCE. For the next four centuries, the Egyptians exploited Kush as a colony. Egypt's wealth in gold came from the desert mines of Kush. The Egyptian word for gold is nub, which is thought by some to be the origin of the name Nubia.

63. Kush Conquers Egypt, 730 BC Around 730 B.C., Kush's warrior hordes turned the tables on a weakened Egypt and conquered it. This event established the black Pharaohs from Kush.

64. Nubia Muhammad Ahmad "El Mahdi“ of Sudan Nubia was converted to Christianity in the 6th cent. A.D. Joined with the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, it long resisted Muslim encroachment, but in the 14th cent. it finally collapsed.