1. Exemplification and classification

2. Exemplification The action of giving examples
Commonly used in academic writing
There are several ways of referring to examples, not just the expression for example or e.g. (although these are the most common)

3. Commonly used abbreviations
f.e. / e.g. – for example
i.e. – that is (to say); in other words
viz. – namely; it is/they are
e.g. There are four language skills, viz. listening, speaking, reading and writing.

4. What is Language? Read the text What is Language (p. 39)
The definition:
A language is a signalling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds, and which is used by a group people for the purposes of communication.

5. Finding exemplifiers
Read the text again and circle all the expressions which have the same meaning as for example
Draw a line under all the examples

6. For example, many birds utter warning calls..
Such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure
For instance, animals’ cries are not articulate
For example, the kind of structure given by the contrast between vowels and consonants
Illustration of this is a soldier who can say
e.g. ‘tanks approaching from the north’
The great tit is a case in point

7. Complete the sentences using: illustration, for example, a case in point, an example, for instance, such as
At the approach of danger many birds utter warning calls: this is _______ of animals communicating with each other.
Cries, ____________ those of anger, fear and pleasure, are uttered by apes.
There are important differences between human language and animal communication: ___________, animals’ cries are not articulate.
Animals’ cries lack, ____________, the kind of structure that enables us to divide a human utterance into words.
A good _________ of changing an utterance by substituting one word for another is a soldier who can say...
The number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit is __________________.

8. At the approach of danger many birds utter warning calls: this is AN EXAMPLE of animals communicating with each other.
Cries, SUCH AS those of anger, fear and pleasure, are uttered by apes.
There are important differences between human language and animal communication: FOR INSTANCE, animals’ cries are not articulate.
Animals’ cries lack, FOR EXAMPLE, the kind of structure that enables us to divide a human utterance into words.
A good ILLUSTRATION of changing an utterance by substituting one word for another is a soldier who can say...
The number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit is A CASE IN POINT.

9. Exercise 3
Read the following carefully (especially the part in italics):
There are now over two thousand different languages in the world; an examination of them shows that many of them belong to a group of related languages, and some of these groups are very large, constituting what we can call language families. An example of such a family is the Semitic group of languages. Examples of members of the family are Arabic and Hebrew.

10. Write out a sentence or two substituting the following:
Germanic – e.g. English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian

11. Vocabulary aid Alternatives to the word examples: cases, instances
Other commonly used verb forms and methods of expression:
This is shown/exemplified/illustrated by
X shows/exemplifies/illustrates this
Writers such as (such writers as) X and Y

12. Classification Dividing something into groups, classes or categories
Classification is normally made according to a criterion or several criteria (e.g. age, size, number...)

13. Read the text State Schools in England and Wales (p. 43)
Complete Exercise 1 below the text

14. Answer key
Schools can be classified according to the pupils’ ages and type of education.
There are two types of school: primary and secondary.
Primary schools can be subdivided into infant and junior schools.
Secondary school pupils may be grouped according to their ability.
The criterion for classifying secondary schools is whether or not there is an examination.

15. Exercise 2 (p. 44) – put the sentences in the correct order

16. Answer key 1e 2b 3g 4a 5f 6d 7c

17. Write a brief description of the education system in your country!

18. Pyramid Discussion
Which purposes of compulsory education are the most important?
Read the list on p. 47 and select from it; the order of the choices is not important.
Add one or more purposes of your own.

19. Exercise
Write a brief description of the criteria that should be used for determining if education has been successful!

20. Vocabulary aid
Useful nouns: criterion/criteria, basis/bases, features, characteristics, categories, classes, gruops, types, kinds, sorts, species, breeds, orders, divisions, families, members
sub-categories/classes/divisions/groups

21. Useful verbs:
to classify, categorise, group, divide into, arrange in, put into, distinguish (between), differentiate (between/from)
To sub-classify, sub-categorise, sub-group or sub-divide

22. Something may be classified
1. according to…
2. on the basis of…
3. depending (up)on
The classification is based upon…

23. Thank you for your attention!