1. Work Definition Paid work Unpaid work Voluntary work © PDST Home Economics

2. Paid Work Formal Paid Work Formal Financial gain… wage / salary from working usually in a designated place. Financial gain… wage / salary from working usually in a designated place. May be permanent, temporary, full-time, May be permanent, temporary, full-time, part-time or contract-based. part-time or contract-based. Self-employed or employed by another person. Self-employed or employed by another person. A wide range of skills required ranging from manual to managerial position. A wide range of skills required ranging from manual to managerial position. Provides security in the form of pensions, PRSI, Provides security in the form of pensions, PRSI, holiday and sick pay. holiday and sick pay.

3. Unpaid Work Informal No financial reward for work. No financial reward for work. Domestic housework… Domestic housework… child – rearing, caring for elderly/disabled, general tasks e.g. cooking, cleaning etc. child – rearing, caring for elderly/disabled, general tasks e.g. cooking, cleaning etc. DIY… home related activities. DIY… home related activities. Point to Note!! Point to Note!! Individuals with a child under 5 yrs, likely to spend on average 65 hours a week on housework, childcare and other related tasks. Individuals with a child under 5 yrs, likely to spend on average 65 hours a week on housework, childcare and other related tasks.

4. Hidden Work ‘ Black Economy’ ‘ Black Economy’ No tax paid No tax paid

5. Voluntary Work No financial reward. No financial reward. Higher status than unpaid work. Higher status than unpaid work. Involves contributing and working within the community e.g. meals on wheels, St Vincent De Paul etc. Involves contributing and working within the community e.g. meals on wheels, St Vincent De Paul etc. In contemporary society the underlying philosophy is to empower people to help themselves… to become self reliant… In contemporary society the underlying philosophy is to empower people to help themselves… to become self reliant… Charity work will also supply necessary items such as food, clothing etc. Charity work will also supply necessary items such as food, clothing etc.

6. Attitudes to Work & Work Attainment 1.IntrinsicSatisfaction A person needs to be satisfied emotionally by their work as well as get paid. 2. Extrinsic 2. Extrinsic Satisfaction Satisfaction This is where the money is the most important aspect of the job. If work is boring they find satisfaction outside the job.

7. 1. Intrinsic Satisfaction Work gives sense of fulfilment, pleasure and scope for creativity. Pride in work. Work gives sense of fulfilment, pleasure and scope for creativity. Pride in work. Develops self-esteem, confidence, independence. Develops self-esteem, confidence, independence. Confers status and respect. Confers status and respect. Satisfies psychological and social needs. Satisfies psychological and social needs. Challenging, prospects of promotion, rewarding and satisfying. Challenging, prospects of promotion, rewarding and satisfying.

8. 2. Extrinsic Satisfaction Based on bonuses associated with work rather than the job itself. Based on bonuses associated with work rather than the job itself. Repetitive uninteresting work e.g. assembly line – may fail to stimulate so the wage alone may become the focus for satisfaction. Repetitive uninteresting work e.g. assembly line – may fail to stimulate so the wage alone may become the focus for satisfaction. Satisfaction is derived from spending the money on luxury goods and or socialising. Satisfaction is derived from spending the money on luxury goods and or socialising.

9. Attitudes to work continued… 3. Family Background Parental/older siblings attitude influences one’s work ethic – stems from the value parents place on work i.e. positive or negative. Parental/older siblings attitude influences one’s work ethic – stems from the value parents place on work i.e. positive or negative. Work ethic incorporates attitude to absenteeism, punctuality, honesty, commitment. A positive one is a desirable attribute in an employee. Work ethic incorporates attitude to absenteeism, punctuality, honesty, commitment. A positive one is a desirable attribute in an employee. 4. Social Grouping Socioeconomic group can have a huge Socioeconomic group can have a huge impact on the attitude to work. impact on the attitude to work. People from low-socioeconomic backgrounds often have high unemployment rate or have unskilled jobs, low pay, little expectations. People from low-socioeconomic backgrounds often have high unemployment rate or have unskilled jobs, low pay, little expectations.

10. Effects of Education on Employment People from middle to higher socioeconomic groups have better qualifications and higher expectations. People from middle to higher socioeconomic groups have better qualifications and higher expectations. Individuals with greater qualifications have more positive experience of work and remain in employment longer. Individuals with greater qualifications have more positive experience of work and remain in employment longer. Early school leavers with no formal qualifications have difficulty in getting well-paid long-term employment. Early school leavers with no formal qualifications have difficulty in getting well-paid long-term employment.