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The vertebrate story…
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Agnatha Extinct: Ostracoderms *Covered by bony armor *Mostly small fish 2cm (some up to 2m) *Small mouth openings *4 openings on dorsal surface of head *Extinct after abundance of jawed fishes on the scene http://universe-review.ca/I10-27-jawlessfish.jpg
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Agnatha Extant: “Cyclostomes” Hagfish and Lamprey *Are not as closely related as might appear *Hagfish are scavengers that lack the rasping denticles of lamprey *Most Lamprey are parasitic http://www.exploretheabyss.com/photo/gallery/gallery/ ds_trawl/images/HagfishLR.jpg http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/world/images/lamprey.jpg http://www.glaucus.org.uk/sea-lamprey-sucker-RL.jpg
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Extant Jawless fishes… http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata
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Extant Jawless fishes… http://www.bio.uio.no/akv/english/research/mzk/benthos_pictures.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8pONkTyk2c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYRr_MrjebA&NR=1
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Extant Jawless fishes… http://bakkouz.net/pix/Hagfish.jpg http://sophont.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_archive.html
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Extant Jawless fishes… http://www.uoregon.edu/~joet/Pictures-Pages/Image5.html http://a.abcnews.com/Technology/AmazingAnimals/popup?id=4958186&contentIndex=1&page=6&start=false http://www.gma.org/fogm/myxine_glutinosa.htm
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Extant Jawless fishes… Broad-gilled Hagfish http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ecirrhatus5.htm http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ecirrhatus6.htm Broad-gilled Hagfish
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Extant Jawless fishes…
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http://www.daylife.com/photo/0g1T92TaxK623 http://www.daylife.com/photo/0e9DdRDaeV8 qa
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Extant Jawless fishes… http://www.gma.org/fogm/Petromyzon_marinus.htm
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Extant Jawless fishes…
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http://www.gma.org/fogm/Petromyzon_marinus.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boca_de_lamprea.1_- _Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/ncy/sea%20lamprey.html
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Extant Jawless fishes… http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2005/September/03100501.asp
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Extant Jawless fishes… http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ODFW/NativeFish/Lamprey.htm
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Extant Jawless fishes…
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Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 1) Placoderms (ex. Arthrodires) had large boney plates and paired fins http://www.noaca.org/earlgeo.gif http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosevol/imgArt/dioram/PaleozoDevon /Zimg/dicksonosteus.jpg
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Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 2) Chondrichthyans (cartilagenous fishes) *Includes sharks, rays, skates, and ratfish *Cartilaginous skeletons *Many with placoids *No bony operculum http://www.lifeglobe.com/images/product/Shark s/sharks04_r2_c2.jpg http://www.pangaeadesigns.com/_graphics/page /fish/large/ratfish.jpg
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Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 3) Teleostomes (spiny and bony fishes) *Acanthodians are (spiny fishes) are extinct *Had skeleton of bone and cartilage *Had an operculum http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/imag es/R-acanthodians.gif
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Osteichthyans Shared ancestors with tetrapods Have an air sac Dermal bone Paired fins… either ray finned (actinopterygii) or fleshy finned (sarcopterygii) http://www.paleodirect.org/fg009.htm
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Actinopterygii Basal groups include Sturgeon and Paddlefish http://www.hellscanyonsportfishing.com/images/sturgeon%20pictures/Kevin %20&%20Sturgeon%202.jpg http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Polypterus_senegalus/whole/specimen.jpg
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Actinopterygii Advanced groups include Gars, Bowfins and Teleosts (most other bony fish) http://www.sdafs.org/laafs/Amazing%20Fish%20Pictures/Big%2 0Alligator%20Gar%2009-03.JPG
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Sarcopterygii Have fleshy lobed fins, internal nares and a bony operculum 2 major clades: Actinistians, extinct except “coelocanths” Rhipidistians (and dipnoi) “lungfish” http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm0 5/1116/34-14-Coelocanth.jpg http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/geschiedenis%20aarde/lun gfish.jpg
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Amphibia *Paraphyletic group… omitting amniote descendants *Extinct groups include Labrynthodonts (Ichthyostega) *Extant group (Lissamphibia) includes: Apoda (caecilians) Urodela (salamanders) Anura (frogs) http://news.siu.edu/news/May05/images/salamande r.jpg http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/wes/webquests_themes/frog s_theme/frogs_K/frog_species/barred/images/barred_leaf_frog _jpg.jpg http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/media/Btai tanus-PC1b.jpg
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Amniotes Group includes Reptiles and Synapsids Reptilia (paraphyletic) Chelonia (testudinea) “turtles” Rhynchocephalians “tuatara” Squamates “lizards, snakes etc.” Crocodylians “crocodiles” etc. Aves “birds”
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Synapsids Amniotes with synapsid skull, hair, mammary glands & nipples (most)
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Mammalia Monotremata
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Mammalia Marsupialia
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Mammalia Insectivora
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Mammalia Xenarthra
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Mammalia Tubulidentata
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Mammalia Pholidota
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Mammalia Chiroptera
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Mammalia Primates
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Mammalia Lagomorpha
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Mammalia Rodentia
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Mammalia Carnivora
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Mammalia Pinnipedia
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Mammalia Perissodactyla
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Mammalia Atriodactyla
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Mammalia Hyracoidea
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Mammalia Proboscidea
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Mammalia Sirenia
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Mammalia Cetacea
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Cloaca/Eggs No front teeth (or no teeth at all) Opposable thumbs Peg-like teeth (African) Pouch Scaly Smooth cerebral cortex/sharp teeth Two pairs of incisors (only central growing) Wings Aquatic ungulates without hind- limbs Aquatic with nostrils on top of head Canine with fins/terrestrial birth Growing incisors/hoof-like nails Incisors form tusks Single pair of growing incisors Ungulates with even # toes/paraxonic foot Ungulates with odd # toes (usually)/mesaxonic foot Well developed canines
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