1. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 28 Wound Care

2. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement true or false? Macrophages are types of white blood cells.

3. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True. Macrophages are types of white blood cells.

4. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wounds Wound: damaged skin or soft tissue resulting from trauma –Open wounds: mucous membrane is no longer intact –Closed wounds: no open mucous membrane

5. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Repair Inflammation: physiologic defense occurring immediately after tissue injury, lasting 2 to 5 days –Purpose: limit local damage, remove injured cells/debris, prepare wound for healing –Signs and symptoms of inflammation: swelling, redness, warmth, pain, and decreased function

6. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Repair (cont’d) Proliferation: period during which new cells fill and seal a wound; it occurs 2 days to 3 weeks after inflammatory phase –The integrity of skin and damaged tissue is restored by resolution, regeneration, and scar formation

7. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Repair (cont’d) Remodeling: period during which the wound undergoes changes and maturation –Lasts 6 months to 2 years –During remodeling, the wound contracts and the scar shrinks

8. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Inflammatory Response

9. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Healing First-intention healing: reparative process in which wound edges are directly next to each other Second-intention healing: wound edges are widely separated; time-consuming, complex reparative process Third-intention healing: deep wound edges brought together with some type of closure material, resulting in a broad, deep scar

10. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Healing Factors Type of wound injury Expanse or depth of wound Circulation quality Amount of wound debris Presence of infection Client’s health status

11. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Repair

12. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Healing Complications Wound healing key: adequate blood flow to the injured tissue Interfering factors may include: –Compromised circulation –Infection –Purulent, bloody, or serous fluid accumulation preventing skin and tissue approximation

13. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Healing Complications (cont’d) Potential surgical wound complications –Dehiscence: separation of wound edges –Evisceration: wound separation with protrusion of organs

14. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Dressings Dressing purposes: –Keeping wound clean –Absorbing drainage –Controlling bleeding –Protecting wound from further injury –Holding medication in place –Maintaining a moist environment

15. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Dressings (cont’d) Types of dressings: –Gauze dressings: ideal for covering fresh wounds that are likely to bleed, or wounds that exude drainage –Transparent dressings: used to cover peripheral and central IV insertion sites

16. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Dressings (cont’d) Types of dressings (cont’d) –Hydrocolloid dressings: keep wounds moist; moist wounds heal more quickly; new cells grow more rapidly in a wet environment –Dressing changes: when a wound requires assessment or care

17. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which dressing is ideal for covering fresh wounds that are likely to bleed? a. Gauze b. Transparent c. Hydrocolloid d. Dressing

18. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer a. Gauze Gauze dressing is used for covering fresh wounds. Transparent dressings are used to cover IV insertion sites. Hydrocolloid dressings keep wounds moist. Dressing changes are done when a wound requires assessment, care, or is saturated with drainage.

19. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Management Drains –Open drains –Closed drains Sutures; Staples

20. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement true or false? Steri-Strips can be used to close superficial lacerations instead of sutures or staples.

21. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True. Steri-Strips are also used to close superficial lacerations instead of sutures or staples.

22. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Management (cont’d) Bandages and binders –Purpose: hold dressings in place, especially if tape cannot be used or dressing is very large –Support area around the wound or injury to reduce pain –Limit movement in wound area to promote healing

23. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Management (cont’d) Roller bandage application Binder application – Different types of binders oSingle T-binder oDouble T-binder

24. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Management (cont’d) Debridement: removal of dead tissue –Sharp debridement: using sterile scissors, forceps, etc. –Enzymatic debridement: using chemical substances –Autolytic debridement: natural physiologic process

25. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Management (cont’d) Debridement (cont’d): –Mechanical debridement: physical removal of debris from a wound using wet-to-dry dressings, hydrotherapy, irrigation oCommonly irrigated structures include:  Wounds, eyes, ears, vagina

26. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which type of debridement breaks down and liquefies wound debris? a. Autolytic b. Sharp c. Mechanical d. Enzymatic

27. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer d. Enzymatic Enzymatic debridement involves the use of topically applied chemical substances. Autolytic debridement allows the body’s enzymes to soften, liquefy, and release devitalized tissue. Sharp debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue with sterile scissors, forceps, or other instruments. Mechanical debridement involves physical removal of debris.

28. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound Management (cont’d) Heat and cold applications –Ice bag and ice collar –Chemical packs –Compresses –Aquathermia pad –Soaks and moist packs –Therapeutic baths

29. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pressure Ulcers Also known as decubitus ulcers –Appear over bony prominences of the sacrum, hips, heals, and places where pressure is unrelieved Risk factors include: −Inactivity, immobility, malnutrition, emaciation −Diaphoresis, incontinence, sedation −Vascular disease, localized edema, dehydration

30. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pressure Ulcers (cont’d) Stages of pressure ulcers –Stage I: intact but reddened skin –Stage II: reddened skin accompanied by blistering or a skin tear –Stage III: shallow skin crater that extends to the subcutaneous tissue –Stage IV: deeply ulcerated, extending to muscle and bone; life threatening

31. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pressure Ulcers (cont’d) Prevention of pressure ulcers –Change client’s position frequently –Avoid using plastic-covered pillows –Use the lateral position for side-lying –Massage bony prominences –Use pressure-relieving devices –Provide a balanced diet and adequate fluid intake

32. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Implications Potential nursing diagnoses: –Acute pain –Impaired skin and tissue integrity –Ineffective tissue perfusion –Risk for infection

33. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wound healing is delayed in older adults; regeneration of healthy skin takes twice as long for an 80-year-old as it does for a 30- year-old Age-related changes affecting wound healing include thinning dermal layer of skin; decreased subcutaneous tissue Signs of inflammation may be more subtle in older adults General Gerontologic Considerations

34. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Diminished immune response from reduced T-lymphocyte cells predisposes older adults to wound infections Conditions that interfere with circulation increase the older adult’s susceptibility to delayed wound healing and wound infections Diminished mobility requires aggressive skin care to prevent pressure ulcers General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)

35. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Due to decreased blood supply to the skin, older adults may need position changes every 60 to 90 minutes, instead of every 20 minutes Use special care when moving older adults; avoid friction on the skin Depression, poor appetite, cognitive impairments, and physical/economic barriers interfering with adequate nutrition may impair wound healing General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)