1. Tuna Patties Beth Hopping, Melanie Uchima, Joann Barayuga FSHN 381 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Hawaii at Manoa

2. Welcome! Delicious tuna patties …using whole-grain or legume fillers

3. The experiment  Ingredients are limited to: Canned tuna in water One whole-grain or legume stuffer Up to 3 binders Herbs and spices No wheat, milk, or eggs  Patties must contain 51% tuna by weight  Patties must weigh at least 115 g. (1/4 pound)  Limited budget restricts trials to no more than 6  Two weeks to develop recipe

4. Avoiding allergens  Wheat, dairy, and eggs are common allergens  Celiac disease involves a reaction to a gluten protein in wheat  Lactose intolerance involves the inability to digest the milk sugar lactose

5. Image obtained 10/26/08 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Grain.gif B Why whole-grain or legume fillers? Inexpensive & nutritious Whole grains and legumes have been shown to: Contain more dietary fiber, antioxidants, protein, minerals, and vitamins Possibly reduce the risk of some forms of cancer, digestive system diseases, gum disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and obesity Increase satiety and prolong feelings of fullness

6. Tuna Patties with… Short Grain Brown Rice Beth Hopping Melanie Uchima Joann Barayuga +

7. Our Purpose To develop an acceptable tuna patty using short grain brown rice

8. Image obtained 10/26/08 from http://www.1888leapfrog.com/ricebran/ Short Grain Brown Rice  Brown rice is in the unmilled form with the bran and germ layers still present.  The extra layers increase cooking time and give the rice a chewy texture and nutty flavor.  Short grain rice is more sticky and clingy than the longer grain varieties.

9. Image obtained 10/26/08 from www.earthshope.org/ Facts About Rice  Rice is the principal food for nearly ½ of the entire world population  92% of the world's total rice production comes from Asia  Rice is harvested on every continent except Antarctica  There are believed to be more than 100,000 distinct varieties of rice throughout the world  Short-grain varieties were probably domesticated in China around 7000 BCE  Rice is one of the few foods which is non-allergenic

10. Image obtained 10/26/08 from http://www.malimkundang.com/2008/06/being-stupid.html Nutrition Information White Rice per ¼ cup: 48 kcal 1 g protein <1 g fat 11 g carbohydrate <1 g dietary fiber Brown Rice per ¼ cup: 44 kcal 1 g protein <1 g fat 9 g carbohydrate 1 g dietary fiber

11. Images obtained 10/14/08 from http://www.guargum.info/ Our Binders  Guar Gum obtained from the seeds of a plant in the bean family useful as a binder and an emulsifier has 8x the binding strength of corn starch Per gram: 3 kcal, 0 g PRO, 0 g FAT, <1 g CHO, <1 g dietary fiber

12. Images obtained 10/14/08 from http://www.goodnessdirect.co.uk/, http://www.spicesofindia.co.uk/, & http://thestealthyvegan.blogspot.com Our Binders  Chickpea Flour made by grinding chickpeas into flour used as a thickener more flavorful than wheat flour used internationally in pancakes, fritters, falafel, and polenta Per 20 grams: 78 kcal, 4 g PRO, 1 g FAT, 12 g CHO, 2 g dietary fiber

13. Recipe & Experimental Design 75 g tuna 57 g brown rice 10 g chickpea flour 1 g guar gum 9 g tuna water Blend ingredients in food processor & fry in oil Pulse ingredients in food processor & fry in oil Mix ingredients together by hand & fry in oil Experiment with herbs & spices 75 g tuna 40 g brown rice 20 g chickpea flour 1 g guar gum 12 g tuna water Salt Pepper Creole seasoning Garlic powder with parsley Onion powder Try recipe without guar gum

14. The Final Recipe (makes 1 patty) Tuna Patty ½ cup canned tuna ¼ cup short grain brown rice ¼ cup chickpea flour ½ tsp. guar gum 1 ½ Tbsp. tuna water ¾ tsp. seasoning mix Seasoning Mix Equal parts: salt pepper garlic powder with parsley onion powder Creole seasoning

15. Procedure  Combine all ingredients with a fork until just mixed  Shape into a patty and dust both sides with chickpea flour  Heat vegetable oil on medium heat for frying  Cook patty 3-4 minutes per side until golden brown  Remove from pan and enjoy!

16. Cost of the Tuna Patties ½ cup canned tuna $0.94 ¼ cup short grain brown rice $0.12 ¼ cup chickpea flour $0.06 ½ tsp. guar gum $0.03 Total cost for 1 patty$1.15

17. Nutrition Facts for 1 Patty o 148 grams o 210 Calories o 2.5 grams of total fat o 0 grams of saturated fat o 0 grams of trans fat o 24 grams of protein

18. Do you like tuna? (Place an ‘X’ in the appropriate box) □ Yes □ No You will be given a tuna patty to try. Please answer the following questions about it. Please check the appropriate boxes according to your preferences of the tuna patty. Feel free to comment on any of the characteristics listed. Like a lotLike a littleNeutralDislike a littleDislike a lot Appearance Comments? Flavor Comments? Texture Comments? Overall Comments? Is this tuna patty a product you would consider purchasing? □ Yes □ No

19. Thanks for your time! Questions?