1. Effective Color Contrast: Designing for People with Partial Sight and Color Deficiencies CSE 491 Michigan State University Fall 2007 Kraemer

2. Based on …  http://www.lighthouse.org/accessibility/effective- color-contrast http://www.lighthouse.org/accessibility/effective- color-contrast  By Aries Arditi, PhD

3. How does impaired vision affect color perception?  Impairment may result from: –Aging –congenital color deficits  All produce changes in perception that: – reduce the visual effectiveness of certain color combinations. –Two colors that contrast sharply to someone with normal vision may be far less distinguishable to someone with a visual disorder.

4. Contrast is the key

5. Rules for making effective color choices:  Exaggerate lightness differences between foreground and background colors, and avoid using colors of similar lightness adjacent to one another, even if they differ in saturation or hue.

6. Exaggerate lightness differences

7. Go for high-contrast  Don’t assume that the lightness you perceive will be the same as the lightness perceived by people with color deficits.  Assume that they will see less contrast between colors than you will.  If you lighten the light colors and darken the dark colors in your design, you will increase its visual accessibility.

8. The Hue Circle

9. Dark color w/ light color  Choose dark colors with hues from the bottom half of the hue circle against light colors from the top half of the circle.  Avoid contrasting light colors from the bottom half against dark colors from the top half.  For most people with partial sight and/or congenital color deficiencies, the lightness values of colors in the bottom half of the hue circle tend to be reduced.

11. Go across the wheel  Avoid contrasting hues from adjacent parts of the hue circle, especially if the colors do not contrast sharply in lightness.  Color deficiencies associated with partial sight and congenital deficiencies make it difficult to discriminate between colors of similar hue.

14. Attributes of color  Hue, lightness and saturation -- the three perceptual attributes of color - - can be envisioned as a solid.

15. Hue  Hue varies around the solid; lightness varies from top to bottom and saturation is the distance from the center.

16. Hue  the perceptual attribute associated with elementary color names  enables us to identify basic color catagories such as blue, green, yellow, red and purple.  People with normal color vision report that hues follow a natural sequence based on their similarity to one another.  With most color deficits, the ability to discriminate between colors on the basis of hue is diminished.

17. Hue

18. Lightness  corresponds to how much light appears to be reflected from a colored surface in relation to nearby surfaces.  a perceptual attribute that cannot be computed from physical measurements alone.  It is the most important attribute in making contrast more effective.  With color deficits, the ability to discriminate colors on the basis of lightness is reduced.

19. Lightness

20. Effect of color deficit