1. Bony Thorax

2. Characteristics Support the shoulder girdle and upper limbs
Protect the viscera in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities
Play a role in breathing

3. Sternum
3 fused bones
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process

4. Ribs
12 pair of ribs that attach posteriorly to the Thoracic Vertebrae and then curve downward and forward toward the anterior body surface.
The ribs increase in length from 1 to 7 and then decrease in length from 8 to 12.

5. Ribs
True Ribs: upper 7 that are attached to the sternum by costal cartilage
False Ribs: remaining 5; either attach indirectly to the sternum or lack sternal attachment entirely
Floating Ribs: pairs 11 & 12; have no anterior attachment; their costal cartilages lie embedded in the muscles of the lateral body wall

6. Ribs

7. Appendicular Skeleton

8. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle (open girdle)
Supports the upper limbs
Attachment for several muscles that move the upper limbs

9. Clavicle (Collarbone)
Braces the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulder in place.
Provides attachment for muscles of the upper limbs, chest, and back.

10. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Triangular bones located on either side of the upper back.
A spine divides the posterior surface of each scapula into unequal portions.

11. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
The spine leads to 2 processes:
1. Acromium process that forms the tip of the shoulder; articulates with the clavicle
2. Coracoid process that curves anteriorly and inferiorly to the clavicle

12. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

13. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

14. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Between the process is a depression called the glenoid cavity that articulates with the head of the humerus (arm bone)

15. The Upper Limbs
Humerus:

16. Forearm
Ulna:
Radius:

17. Hand
Carpus: 8 bones in 2 rows

18. Hand Metacarpals: Palm, 1 to 5 from thumb to little finger Phalanges:
Fingers, 14 bones

19. The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle (closed girdle)
Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Supports the visceral organs of the pelvic cavity
Formed by the 2 coxal bones that articulate anteriorly at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly with the sacrum
The 3 bones fuse in the region of a cup-shaped cavity called the acetabulum, which receives the rounded head of the femur

20. Coxal Bones 3 fused bones:
1. Ilium – Largest and uppermost portion that forms the prominance of the hip (iliac crest); joins the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
2. Ischium – lowest portion; L-shaped; ischial tuberosity points posteriorly and downward and supports the weight of the body when sitting; ischial spine near the junction of the ilium and ischium
3. Pubis – anterior portion forms the joint called the symphysis pubis; joins with the ischium to form the largest foramen in the skeleton, the obturator foramen

21. Coxal Bones Iliac Crest Ilium acetabulum Pubis Ischial Spine Ischium
Obturator foramen
Ischial tuberosity

22. Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
False Pelvis: portion superior to the pelvic brim
True Pelvis: region inferior to the pelvic brim that is almost entirely surrounded by bone and forms a deep “bowl” containing the pelvic organs
Pelvic Inlet: pelvic brim; widest dimension is along the frontal plane
Pelvic Outlet: inferior margin of the true pelvis; bounded anteriorly by the pubic arch, laterally by the ischia, and posteriorly by the sacrum; since both the coccyx and the ischial spines protrude into the outlet, a sharply angled coccyx or large spines can cause problems during childbirth

24. Comparison of the Male & Female Pelvis
Characteristic
Female
Male
General Structure & Functional Modifications
Tilted forward, modified for childbearing; cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has a greater capacity
Tilted backward; adapted for support of a strong body; cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep
Bone Thickness
Less; bones lighter, thinner and smoother
Greater; bones heavier and thicker, and markings are more prominent
Acetabulum
Smaller; farther apart
Larger; closer together
Pubic angle/arch
Broader (over 90o), more rounded
Angle is more acute (less than 90o)

25. The Lower Limbs Carry the entire weight of the erect body
Subjected to exceptional forces when jumping and running
Thicker and stronger than comparable bones of the upper limbs

26. Femur (thigh)
Longest bone in the body

27. Tibia (shin)
Located on the medial side

28. Fibula
Non weight bearing bone
Located laterally

29. Patella
Knee Cap

30. Tarsus/Metatarsus/Phalanges
Foot

31. “A segmented structure can only hold up weight if it is arched.”
Arches of the Foot
“A segmented structure can only hold up weight if it is arched.”
The foot has 3 arches that “give when weight is applied to the foot and spring back when the weight is removed:
2 longitudinal
1. Medial
2. Lateral
1 transverse

32. Arches of the Foot

33. Arches of the Foot