1. BIODIESEL GLYCERIN: The consequences and solutions Sjaak van Loo (Sjaak.vanLoo@procede.nl) The GTBE ® Company

2. 2 Procede Group BV (www.procede.nl) Activities: Process and Product development based on leading knowledge in process (chemical) engineering Markets & clients: Oil&Gas, Chemical and Food industry 60% multinationals, 30% SME’s 10% own technology positions (spin-off’s) Resources: ~ 30 process engineers (all academic, 25% PhD) Research facilities, laboratories

3. 3 General background Glycerin is probably one of the first organic molecules known to man (ever since the discovery of soap- making) So its uses are well-developed. The peculiarity of glycerin, from any source, is that it is a by-product, so that its production is independent of market demand. 10% of oil and fat input for soap, fatty acid and ester manufacture is set free as glycerin.

4. 4 Glycerin and Biodiesel (1) EU directive EC 2003/30/EG sets targets for renewable transportation fuels: 2 % of total in 2005 0,75 % growth per year to 5,75 % in 2010 Two main types: Bio-ethanol & Biodiesel Sharply increasing amounts of glycerin produced as by-product from biodiesel production

5. 5 Glycerin and Biodiesel (2) For every ton of biodiesel 100 kg of glycerin is co- produced, leading to 1 M ton/a glycerin in 2010. These quantities are generated over and above the amounts from traditional sources

6. 6 Traditional Glycerin uses (1)

7. 7 Traditional Glycerin uses (2) Traditional outlets can be expected to show only limited growth (and this at the expense of other polyhydroxy compounds such as glycols and sorbitol) Entirely new, large-scale uses for glycerin need to be developed........ and fast!

8. 8 The Solution: GTBE ® (1) The most promising new outlet appears to be a new additive for diesel (both fossil- and bio-) The target compound is a mixture of the di- and tri- butyl-ethers of glycerin: GTBE ® It will lead to reduction in emissions of: Particulates NO x Hydrocarbons (unburned)

9. 9 The Solution: GTBE ® (2) Mono Di Tri Acid kat. Glycerin Isobutylene

10. 10 The Solution: GTBE ® (3) Working point NO x 2 g/kWh ROSI,EGR=High-18% ROSI,EGR=Low-39% A100, EGR = 7%-14% A50,EGR= High-22% A50,EGR= Low-29% Average PM reduction -24%

11. 11 The Solution: GTBE ® (4)

12. 12 The Solution: GTBE ® (5)

13. 13 The Solution: GTBE ® (6) Expertise and IP combined: Procede Group BV, NL (Process dev.) Chemconserve, NL (Market dev.) Blue Ocean, UK (Fuels) Rabobank, NL(Green fund) Our objective: Develop and implement a production unit for 500.000 t/a GTBE The GTBE ® Company

14. 14 The Solution: GTBE ® (7) Present status: Its synthesis from glycerin and isobutylene has been studied up to a first plant set-up and cost price Preliminary experimental testing has shown promising results and confirm data from literature Industrial feasibility is studied and concluded to be positive Process development is ongoing

15. 15 The Solution: GTBE ® (8) Further testing of GTBE in combustion engine laboratories is needed Pilot plant research and development of a complete plant design is needed Other aspects to be studied: Environmental and safety aspects (REACh) Raw materials availability, prices Process optimization

16. 16 Summary The EU-directive means by-production of 1 M ton glycerin per annum World glycerin use is stable and is not capable to take up this additional amount Production of GTBE from glycerin and use it as diesel additive will lower diesel emissions and enable total absorption of the glycerin glut International cooperation and funding is needed for further process and market development