1. Seneca Landfill: Landfill Gas to Energy Project Presented by: Marty Siebert 2006 EGSA Spring Conference

2. Agenda Landfill Gas 101 Seneca Landfill Landfill Gas –LFG Collection –LFG Treatment Power Generation Heat Recovery Emissions Benefits

3. Landfill gas (LFG) is a by-product of the decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW). LFG: –~ 50% methane (CH 4 ). –~ 50% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). –<1% non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs). For every 1 million tons of MSW: –~ 1.0 MW of electricity –~ 550,000 cubic feet per day of landfill gas. If uncontrolled, LFG contributes to smog and global warming, and may cause health and safety concerns. Landfill Gas 101

4. Modern Municipal Solid Waste Landfill

5.  1 ton domestic waste => 530,00 – 880,00 ft³ Landfill gas over a period of 15 - 25 years  LHV = approx. 430 - 500 Btu/scf  40 - 50% collectable from a covered landfill Source: Biogasvolume and Properties; U. Loll, “ATV Seminar 2/99 Essen”; Germany Landfill gas production

6. Seneca Landfill Project Butler County, PA just North of Pittsburgh State Funded Project Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Landfill Gas to Energy Plant –Electricity used to offset grid power –Thermal used to offset natural gas boiler Plant is over 80% efficient Renewable/Green power source

7. Landfill Gas Site

8. Utilization of Landfill Gas

9. Wellhead

10. A system of horizontal or vertical wells are constructed across a landfill. These wells are connected to a header system. A blower provides vacuum to the header system to collect gas from the wells. The blower sends the landfill gas to a treatment and control system The control system sends gas to the flare and genset as required LFG Collection

11. LFG treatment, blower, and flare station

12. LFG Conditioning and Treatment Packaged skid downstream of LFG collection system and flare Required LFG treatment prior to use in genset Blower/Compressor –Increase pressure Chillers –Knock out moisture and contaminants Filters –Filter out contaminants

13. Active Carbon Vessel –Cleaning and removal of Siloxanes –Siloxanes and Hydrocarbons damage engine life and performance –Critical Issue in Project Success LFG Conditioning and Treatment cont.

14. Gas Quality Control - Sample Data The following adverse affects are prevented by gas cleaning: Engine damage from siloxane buildup Damage/Fouling to oxidation catalyst Emissions level increases over time Decrease in maintenance intervals

15. Examples of Si Buildup

18. Power Generation Equip.

19. Power Generation 330kW Recip. Jenbacher Gas Engine Prime Power > 8,000 hrs/yr Low NOx Emissions < 0.6 g/bhp-hr Dual fuel capable –Natural Gas site over Designed to Burn Low-Btu gas Follows fluctuation in gas energy content Tolerate of gas contaminants Low Maintenance

20. Electrical Operation and Interconnect Utility parallel switchgear and controls Generate electricity for site use with excess power exported to the grid Base load application driven of thermal demand Black start, island mode capability with load shed controls Interconnect through Penn Power Consolidation of site distribution

21. Heat Recovery

22. Engine’s jacket water and exhaust heat recovered Hot water used to process LF’s Leachate –Leachate heated to 95degF to kill bacteria –Must be treated Increase system efficiency Offsets natural gas boiler

23. LF Gas Treatment Skid Utility Paralleled Electric Output: 335kW at 480V, 60Hz, 3 Phase Remote Dump Radiators P Exhaust Heat Recovery Unit Low Temp Loop - Dumped P Raw LFG From Flare Skid Clean LFG to Engine Natural Gas Secondary Fuel Source Site Loads Utility Exhaust Out Hot Water Recovery Loop Hot Water to Leachate Process Project Overview

24. LFG Politics and Challenges Gas Rights Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) Utility Interconnect Emissions Permitting

25. Destroys methane and other organic compounds in LFG –Each 1 MW of generation = planting ~11,300 acres of trees per year, removing the emissions of ~8,400 cars per year, preventing the use of ~89,000 barrels of oil per year Offsets use of nonrenewable resources (coal, oil, gas) reducing emissions of: –SO 2 - contributes to acid rain –NO x - contributes to ozone formation and smog –PM - respiratory health concern –CO 2 - global warming gas LFGE Project Benefits

26. Emission Reduction Benefits (lbs/MWh)

27. Methane Emissions

28. Estimated Annual Benefits for all LFGE: –Planting over 19,000,000 acres of forest, –Preventing the use of over 150,000,000 barrels of oil, –Removing emissions equivalent to over 14,000,000 vehicles, or –Offsetting the use of 325,000 railcars of coal. Environmental Benefits

29. Methane is a potent heat-trapping gas. Landfills are the largest human-made source of methane in the US. There are many cost effective options for reducing methane emissions while generating energy. Projects reduce local air pollution, create jobs, revenues, and cost savings. Why Should We Care About LFG?

30.  396 operational projects (January 2006)  ~9.7 billion kWh of electricity produced and ~82 billion cubic feet of gas delivered in ‘05  Numerous projects under construction  Over 600 candidate landfills with 1,500 MW of potential capacity, or 280 billion cubic feet/yr of LFG for direct use, and ~17 MMTCE potential emissions reductions State of the LFGE Industry

31. LFGE is a recognized renewable energy resource (Green-e, EPA Green Power Partnership). LFG is generated 24/7 and available over 90% of the time. Serves as the “baseload renewable” for many green power projects. LFG is among the most cost competitive renewable resources available ($0.04 - 0.06/kW). LFG can act as a long-term price and volatility hedge against fossil fuels. Utilities are already using LFGE. Landfill Gas and Green Power A Winning Combination

32. Questions? Contact Information: Marty Siebert Email: msiebert@nixonpower.com Ph: 901-751-3634