1. Financial Provisions for long-term Environmental Liability Case study from Norway Tonje Johnsen Senior legal adviser, Section for Legal Affairs

2. Case study: Financial Provisions for landfills of waste

3. Main themes  Relevant leglislation  Challenges facing the Agency  The Agency`s administrative practice  Enforcement

4. Legal framework in Norway  The main purpose of the procedures in the Norwegian security, insolvency and bankruptcy law: Distribution of assets to all creditors by way of dividends  The legal position of secured creditors in bankruptcy: As a main rule, secured creditors are unaffected by bankruptcy

5. Legal framework in Norway - continued  Abandonment of assets of no value to the estate: Landfill of waste and other waste sites, hazardous waste in particular, is a text book example of assets likely to be abandoned

6. Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste  Art. 8(a) (iv):  “the competent authority does not issue a landfill permit unless it is satisfied that: (iv) adequate provisions, by way of a financial security or any other equivalent, on the basis of modalities to be decided by Member States, has been or will be made by the applicant prior to the commencement of disposal operations to ensure that the obligations (including after-care provisions) arising under the permit (…) are discharged and that the closure procedures required by Article 13 are followed. This security or its equivalent shall be kept as long as required by maintenance and after-care operation of the site in accordance with Article 13 (d).”

7. Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste - continued The essential points in article 8 (a) (iv):  adequate provisions, by way of financial security or any other equivalent  ensure that the obligations (including after-care provisions) arising under the permit (…) are discharged and that the closure procedures required by Article 13 are followed.  kept as long as required by maintenance and after-care operation of the site in accordance with Article 13 (d)

8. Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste - continued  Art 10:  «Member States shall take measures to ensure that all of the costs involved in the setting ut and operation of a landfill site, including as far as possible the cost of the financial security…, and the estimated costs of the closure and after-care of the site… shall be covered by the price to be charged by the operator for the disposal of any type of waste in that site..»

9. Directive 2009/31/EC : Guidance document 4  Guidance document 4 from 2011  Broader analysis of the challenges and risks  Relevant for financial provisions for other long term environmental liabilities

10. Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste - The challenge: long period of time Closure Operational phaseAftercare (30 years) 5101520 Years 253035404550

11. Challenges with securing long-term liabilities  Normal duration of what is commercially available in the bank market does not fit the long period of time  The value of security may deteriorate over time  Acceptable Financial Provisions are expensive  Different administrative practice in Europe - difficult to get industry to accept requirements

12. The Agency`s administrative practice : Essential criteria  Financial provisions must cover and be certain for the entire period – no need to be renewed or replaced  Administratively manageable in this period  Ensure security in case of bankrupcy and claims from third parties (perfection of security)  Easy and immediate access to funds

13. Which Financial Provisions are acceptable?

14. Acceptable forms of security  Account pledges in respect of blocked bank deposits  On demand bank guarantees  Parent guarantees in combination with one of the above forms of security for a limited period if parent has high rating Other financial provisions must be examined case by case

15. Unacceptable forms of security  Accounting reserves  Earmarked funds  Bank guarantees where the bank can invoke the same defences as the company  Parent guarantees  Security over real estate and securities  Insurances

16. On-demand guarantees  The Agency has a template for on-demand guarantees that the operators have to use – The Agency is the beneficiary  Banks as guarantors  Automatic renewals and notice to the beneficiary before expiry

17. On-demand guarantees - continued  The risk of early expiry is addressed in following clause: If the Guarantee has been terminated in accordance with Clause 6 above, the Beneficiary may present a demand under the Guarantee for the full Guaranteed Amount, irrespective of whether the Company fulfills its obligations. The Beneficiary may retain the Guaranteed Amount paid by the Guarantor as security for future obligations for as long as the Company shall provide security to the Beneficiary under the terms of the Permit.

18. Account Pledges  The Agency has a template for account pledges that the operators have to use – The Agency is the mortgage holder  Flexible rules for establishing security over bank accounts in Norway  Perfection of security: notice to the bank  The Agency only accept accounts held with Norwegian banks

19. The Agency`s administrative practice - The advantage:  Prevents the need for replacement of the financial provision during the long period of time

20. Scope of the Agency`s administrative practice  Directive on the landfill of waste  Directive on the management of waste from extractive industries  Treatment and storage facilities for hazardous waste

21. A problem case – parent company guarantee  Landfill of waste – international metals company  The company proposal:  a parent company guarantee  and a commitment to establish an on demand bank guarantee or an account pledges if the parent comany’s net debt ratio deteriorates to 90 %  The Agency did not accept the suggestion  The Ministry of Climate and Environment upheld the decision

22. Enforcement of Financial Provisions  On-demand guarantees and Account Pledges will be enforceable when: Breach of terms in the permit Expiry of on demand bank guarantees Bankruptcy etc  In bankruptcy, on-demand bank guarantees and account pledges will not be affected by «freeze periods»

23. Enforcement of Financial Provisions - Sandnessjøen Gjenvinning AS Foto: Miljødirektoratet v/ Ida Marie Evensen

24. Enforcing Financial Provisions - conclusions On demand bank guarantee and account pledges enable:  Easy and immediate access to funds  Clear conditions with the bank  Fast follow-up from the Agency

25. Summing up  To ensure the implementation of the polluter pays principle and to protect the taxpayers in cases of long-term environmental liabilities the competent authorities have to have a strict practice  The Agency recommend using experts on banking and finance  The Agency accepts two main types of financial provisions  The practice is largely accepted by the industry  The practice ensures easy and immediate access to funds