1. BIOMASS ENERGY

2. OVERVIEW  Biomass is a renewable energy source that is derived from living or recently living organisms  Biomass includes biological material

3. OVERVIEW Biomass Sources

4. The amounts of solid waste in Gaza Strip Annual increase of 48 ton/day OVERVIEW

5. Types of waste to energy processes  Incineration (Combustion)  Gasification  Pyrolization  Anaerobic digestion  Landfill gas (LFG) recovery OVERVIEW اضافة صورة لكل نوع

6. 1. Incineration of MSW

7. Assumptions  The composition and amounts of MSW in Gaza Strip were obtained  Gaza Strip were divided into two main incineration stations  The energy content (kWh/kg) of the main combustible components were obtained 1.1 Material & Methods

8. The calculations were based on: W x = P x ×W T E= ∑W x × E x E T =0.3×0.3×E W x : the weight of the combustible component (ton/day) E: the energy from the combustible fraction, (MWh/day) E T : the actual total energy generated 1.1 Material & Methods

9. 1.2 Results Daily generated energy from the two stations in Gaza Strip

10. 1.3 Cost Estimation The maintenance cost : 4-6% of the investment cost Interest rate: 6% Useful life: 20 years The maintenance cost : 4-6% of the investment cost Interest rate: 6% Useful life: 20 years Company Capacity (ton/h) Energy (MWh) Capital cost (US$) Production Cost (US$/kWh) Santes53-420 million0.05 Winderickx143.670 million0.19

11.  After waste placement in a landfill, a portion of organic waste decomposes by microorganisms  Landfill gas is produced under anaerobic conditions and is comprised of approximately 50% CH 4, 50% CO 2, and trace amounts of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC) 2. Landfill Gas (LFG) Recovery

12.  A projection of the LFG generation using LandGem model was done for the Johr El Deek, Deir El Balah and Al Fukhari landfills  The model input parameters are: 2.1 Material & Methods Parameters Jahr El Deek landfill Deir El Balah Landfill Al Fukhari landfill Landfill open year198719961998 Landfill closure year203220132040 Methane generation rate constant (k) (Year -1 ) 0.04 Methane generation potential (Lo) (m 3 /Mg) 100 Methane content (% By Volume) 50

13. 2.1 Material & Methods Power Generation EE (kWh) = V LFG ×LHV LFG ×R×h EE: Electric energy (kW) V LFG : LFG flow rate (m 3 /h) LHV LFG : Lower heating value of LFG (kWh/m 3 ) R: Recovery rate h: Engine electric energy conversion efficiency LHV Biogas: 6.1 kWh/m 3 LHV Methane: 10 kWh/m 3

14. Johr El Deek Landfill Deir El Balah Landfill Rafah Landfill 2.2 Results

15. Johr El Deek Landfill Deir El Balah Landfill Rafah Landfill 2.2 Results

16. Cost of LFG energy recovery for the three landfills Landfill NameJohr El DeekDeir El BalahRafah Gas collection cost (US$) 2,882,800834,7004,472,550 Initial cost of engine (US$) 22,600,0005,030,000 Annual O&M cost (US$)1,629,360329,376 Energy production cost ($/kWh) 0.0150.0160.02 2.3 Cost Estimation

17. 3. Anaerobic Digester The plant is composed of three sub-plants: 1. Pretreatments 2. Anaerobic digestion with biogas production 3. Steam boiler to process refuse derived fuel and produce energy

18. The employment and energy generated from each plant Plant NameJohr El DeekDier El BalahRafah Manpower employed: Blue Collar workers 503025 Supervisors 222 Total electrical energy produced from Biogas (MWh/year) 49,90021,40011,150 Total electrical energy produced from Steam Turbine (MWh/year) 299,10081,80028,597 Electrical energy used to run the plant (MWh/year) 36,30015,0005,320 Thermal energy produced From Cogenerator (hot water 85°) (MWh/year) 50,00023,00011,200

19. Plant NameJohr El DeekDier El BalahRafah Costs/IncomeCostIncomeCostIncomeCostIncome Manpower375,618238,464204,176 O & M9,983,7484,064,4222,175,420 Administration, general expenses, insurance, 204,585136,390 Electric Energy consumed to run the plant 5,455,6002,045,850725,595 Landfill disposal (remaining waste) 880,643190,94690,607 Electric power generated And sold to grid 38,052,81014,068,6285,421,093 Income from waste treatment tariff 13,018,1053,031,7452,533,965 Income from metals & materials sale 1,391,1781,363,9001,112,942 Total costs/income16,900,19452,462,0936,676,07218,464,2743,332,1889,068,001 Result before interest & depreciation 35,561,89911,788,2015,735,813 Total investment317 Million143 Million63 Million Energy production cost (/kWh) 6910.5

20. Conclusion  Biomass is one of the renewable sources capable of making a large contribution to the future energy supply for Gaza Strip  The results show that the most potential waste to energy technologies are incineration, anaerobic digestion and LFG recovery, respectively  All these technologies could cover the deficit in the electrical sector in Gaza Strip