1. Better Waste Solutions Producing market-competitive products from waste BWS Better Waste Solutions Global Ltd.

2. Innovative Technology 2 Waste-to-Green Product Technologies: Viable Options for Fuel Cost Reduction and Sustainable Waste Management

3. Un-utilized Resources 3 Municipal Solid WasteHospital Waste Waste PlasticSewage Sludge

4. Oil and Fertilizer Prices Change 4

5. Condition for profitable Waste-to- Green- Product Business 5 Income from Waste Treatment + Income from selling product ＞ Labor cost + Utility cost + Capital cost Increase Decrease ・ Deficiency of landfill area ・ Environmental concern on land-filling ・ Fuel price increase ・ Fertilizer price increase ・ Automation ・ Cheap labor ・ Self energy generation ・ Technology standardization ・ Technology licensing Effect of New Technologies New Market

6. Resource Recycling system 6 ① Waste-to-Coal Technology MSW (Municipal Solid Waste), Hospital Waste ② Waste-to-Fertilizer Technology Sewage Sludge, Animal Manure, Food Waste ③ Waste-to-Oil Technology Waste Plastics, E-Waste (Mobile Phone, PC)

7. ① Waste-to-Coal Technology Hydrothermal Treatment of MSW 7 MSW input Boiler Product Fuel Steam Water Treatment Condenser Water Clean Water Motor Reactor Dry Product Air- blow drying Cement Kiln ( 220 ℃,2.5MPa ) (15%) (85%)

8. Application of Waste-to-Coal In Cement Production 8 MSW = Municipal Solid Waste Material input product out Coal Pulverizer Mixer Bunker Treated MSW

9. Commercial Plants 9

10. Economical Feasibility of Waste to Coal 10 Treatment capacity of MSW : 100tons/day Investment for full treatment plant with 2 reactors – 3 M US$. Moisture content of MSW : 65 % Production per annum on dry basis –12,600 tons/year (100tons/day X 0.35 X 360 days) Boiler fuel: 15% of RDF will be utilized as a boiler fuel – 1,890 tons/year Annual operation period: 360days Daily operation: 24 hours/day Maintenance cost/year (2% of the capital cost) – 0.06 M US$/year VC and FC – (labor, electricity… ) – 0.06 M US$/year Capital cost (7 years depreciation) – 0.43 M US$/year Total expenditure – 0.55 M US$/year Fuel production cost – 51 US$/ton (0.55 M US$/year/ ((12,600-1,890))tons/year)

11. ② Waste-to-Fertilizer Technology Sewage Sludge Treatment 11 Hydrothermal treatment Mechanical dehydration Water content 80% Water content 85% Water content 55% Water content 10 ～ 20% Fast natural drying （ 24 hours ） Separated water Heavy metal Nutrient (N, P, K)

12. Economical Feasibility of Waste-to-Fertilizer 12 Treatment capacity of Sewage sludge : 30tons/day Investment for full treatment plant with 2 reactors – 1 M US$ Moisture content of sludge : 80 % Solid fuel production per annum on dry basis –2,160 tons/year (30tons/day X 0.2 X 360 days) Boiler fuel: 100% of RDF will be utilized as a boiler fuel – 2,160tons/year Liquid fertilizer production per annum –10,800tons/year (30tons/day X 360days) Annual operation period: 360days Daily operation: 24 hours/day Maintenance cost/year (2% of the capital cost) – 0.02 M US$/year VC and FC – (labor, electricity… ) – 0.02 M US$/year Capital cost (7 years depreciation) – 0.14 M US$/year Total expenditure – 0.18 M US$/year Production cost of the liquid fertilizer – 17 US$/ton (0.18 M US$/year/ (10,800tons/year))

13. ③ Waste-to-Oil Technology Flow Chart Plastic to Oil 13

14. Commercial Plants 14 Meta l Recycled oil Carbonized solid Waste Mobile Phone (2 m 3 ) (Japan) Waste Plastics (5 m 3 ) (Japan)

15. Economical Feasibility of Waste to Oil 15 Treatment capacity of waste plastics : 10tons/day Investment for full treatment plant – 1.2 M US$ Net oil production per annum –1,800,000 L (5,000 L/day X 360 days) Annual operation period: 360days Daily operation: 24 hours/day Maintenance cost/year (2% of the capital cost) – 0.024 M US$ Labor cost/year – 0.02 M US$ Capital cost (7 years depreciation) – 0.17 M US$ Total expenditure – 0.214 M US$/year Oil production cost – 12 US¢/L (0.214 M US$/year/ (1,800,000 L/year))