1. The Reasons of Improvement of Writing Skills by Deliberate Practice Hsin-I, Lee z3319202 z3319202

2. Writing The Definition of Writing 1. Written language = a new code, a sign system with consequences (the transformation of intellectual processes) 2. academic writing: - cognitive skills : language, information selection, organization within memory - motivation, attitude

3. Writing The Problem of Writing 1. verbal language → written language 2. particular functions of the written materials & particular writing skills 3. detailed help and guidance 4. benefits of writing skills - effective information selection - appropriate elaboration - Planning, Generation, Reviewing

4. The Cognitive Process of Writing Planning, Generation, Reviewing Interaction in Working Memory To reduce cognitive load > Deliberate Practice

5. The Benefits of Deliberate Practice to Writing Writing = specific skills Writing skills can be obtained by intensive practice on a basis of the power law of skill acquisition. The Power Law of Skill Acquisition (Fitts) Three stages of human performance progresses - 1 st stage: understand the domain how to perform a specific task. - 2 nd stage: specific inputs proper responses - 3 rd stage: the automation through practice the need of attention and effort decreases ( → the reduction of cognitive load)

6. The Benefits of Deliberate Practice to Writing The skills of Written composition: deliberate practice - typing: motor output - Chess: Planning intensive task - Musical Performance: creative production

7. The Benefits of Deliberate Practice to Writing Deliberate Practice 1. “ The learner mindfully engages in practice designed by an instructor, coach, mentor, or tutor, who further provides encouragement corrective feedback and encouragement to excel. ” (Kellogg & Whiteford 2009) 2. The components of deliberate practice - Effort - Appropriate Practice Tasks - Motivation - Feedback - Time

8. The Reasons of Improvement of Writing Skills by Deliberate Practice Storage and Attention Demands central executive component - In working memory, the central executive component is responsible for text production. However, the cognitive load increases because its limited resource of attention must be shared among planning ideas, generating language of planned-content expression, and reviewing both of them. (Kellogg & Whiteford 2009) - Mature writing requires numerous transitions among planning, generation and reviewing

9. The Reasons of Improvement of Writing Skills by Deliberate Practice Working memory constraints writing development The advanced of writing skills ( beginner → advanced ) - availability of adequate working memory resources - capacity : planning, sentence generation & reviewing. 1. Revision: problem detection, cause diagnosis, proper approach to correct problems - novices: focus on their thoughts - experts: read carefully retain their ideas 2. Knowledge Transforming from Knowledge telling - proficiency in planning, sentence generation, reviewing

10. Conclusion Training of writing skills by writing intervention: - Strategies for planning, - Revising - Editing their compositions - Programmatic practice - Peer feedback. Writing skills can be obtained effectively by deliberate practice because it can help beginners master the low level of writing activities and free the working memory for high level of writing activities.

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