1. Constructive or Destructive? Changing Earth’s Surface

2. Constructive? Destructive?  What do these two terms mean? Constructive: Constructive: Destructive: Destructive:  What, on Earth, would you consider to be constructive and destructive?  What causes the constructive and destructive events on Earth?

3. Tectonic Plate Boundaries  As you know, tectonic plate boundaries are responsible for many changes on Earth. What are some of those features and events?  Which of these are Constructive? Destructive?

4. Volcanoes  Are Volcanoes constructive or destructive?  Give an example of when they could be one or the other, or even both.

5. Ring of Fire  The Ring of Fire refers to the large amount of volcanoes that wrap around the Pacific Ocean.  That sounds like a lot of new land being formed. How long do you think it takes to develop life on those islands?

6. What is a fault?  We are still dealing with compression, tension, and shear stress.  Faults and animations Faults and animations Faults and animations  More faults and animations More faults and animations More faults and animations  Hanging and Foot walls Hanging and Foot walls Hanging and Foot walls

7. The Three Types of Faults  Caused by tension  Caused by compression  Caused by shear stress

8. Mountains  How were mountains formed at tectonic plate boundaries?  How else do mountains form?

9. Mountains  By the end of this section you should have recorded information on Fault-block mountains Fault-block mountains Upwarped mountains Upwarped mountains Volcanic mountains Volcanic mountains Folded mountains Folded mountains

10. Aren’t All Mountains the Same?  Check out this little video about the types of mountains.  Mountains Mountains

11. The Four Types of Mountains  Fault BlockVolcanic

12. The Four Types of Mountains  Folded Upwarped

13. Can You Make It?  Mount Everest Game Mount Everest Game Mount Everest Game

14. What Do You Know?  In your assigned groups, answer the four questions with as many good answers as possible.  You are competing for bonus points, so don’t discuss your answers too loudly!!

15. Weathering  Weathering, in general, is the breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller pieces.  You may also consider the movement of material due to weathering processes

16. Mechanical Weathering  Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock by PHYSICAL means, such as ice, wind, water, gravity, plants, and animals

17. Mechanical Weathering - Ice  When water seeps into rocks and freezes, it expands.  When it expands, it breaks up the rocks.

18. Mechanical Weathering - Wind  Wind causes abrasion when it blows smaller rocks and sand against other rocks, which wears them down.  This action is like sandpaper.

19. Mechanical Weathering - Water  Moving water causes abrasion when it carries small rocks and particles with it, which rub against other rocks, wearing them down.  This action is like sand paper.

20. Mechanical Weathering - Water  Underground water flow can also cause sink holes.

21. Mechanical Weathering - Gravity  Gravity causes rocks and smaller particles to fall or tumble, causing abrasion when they rub against other rocks and wear them down.  This action is like sandpaper.

22. Mechanical Weathering – Plants and Animals  Plant roots move into existing cracks and then continue to grow, breaking up the rock.  Plant roots (which usually help hold soil) can cause the soil to loosen and erode in some areas.  Animals create burrows and tunnels through the soil, such as ants, worms, and moles.

23. Chemical Weathering  Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals into new substances by CHEMICAL means such as water, acids, air, and soil.

24. Chemical Weathering - Water  Water, even though it may be a slow process, can dissolve minerals and rocks.  This process is similar to you dissolving sugar in a glass of water.

25. Chemical Weathering – Acid Precipitation  Precipitation naturally contains small amounts of acid (such as sulfuric and nitric acids) which break down materials they come in contact with.  This is worse in areas with lots of factories.

26. Chemical Weathering – Acids in Ground Water  Sometimes water in the ground contains weak acids (such as carbonic or sulfuric acids) which dissolve rocks like limestone.  This process is what creates caves and caverns.

27. Chemical Weathering – Acids in Living Things  Organisms such as lichens, which grow on rocks (and trees), produce acids as a waste product.  These acids slowly break down the rocks.  This is how soil starts to form from rocks.

28. Chemical Weathering - Air  Oxygen in the air reacts with iron to create iron oxide – rust, which can be seen in rocks that contain iron.

29. Differential Weathering  When softer, less weather resistant rocks wear away and expose harder, more weather resistant rocks.  This is Devil’s Tower, which is the remains of the inside of a volcano.

30. Weathering Rate by Size  The smaller a rock is, the faster it will erode  Consider: dissolving a sugar cube or regular sugar

31. KEEP IN MIND...  The next slides of wave erosion, wind erosion, glaciers, and mass movement are all examples of mechanical weathering!!

32. Wave Energy  Waves carry a lot of energy, which is capable of moving large amounts of material.

33. Wave Energy - Beaches  Beaches are any area of shoreline made up of materials deposited by waves.

34. Wave Energy - Sea Cliffs  Waves erode and cut into the rock, creating steep slopes.

35. Wave Energy - Sea Arches  Sea Arches form when waves continue to erode the rock and cut through

36. Wave Energy - Sea Stacks  Sea stacks used to be connected to the mainland, but have been eroded.

37. Wind Erosion  Wind is powerful and can change the landscape.  The changes depend on the amount of wind and the material that makes up the land.

38. Wind Erosion - Dunes  Dunes are mounds of wind deposited sand that continue to move around.

39. Glaciers  A glacier, in general, is a large mass of moving ice.

40. Alpine Glaciers  Alpine glaciers form in mountainous areas.  These carve out rugged features in mountains.

41. Continental Glaciers  Continental Glaciers are large ice sheets that can cover millions of square kilometers.  Antarctica is covered by a glacier more than 1.5 X the size of the U.S. and that is even up to 4,000 meters thick in some places!

42. Glacial Deposits  Glacial deposits are all of the material that is carried and deposited by glaciers.

43. Glacial Deposits – Striated Drift  Striated Drift means that the rocks and material have been sorted out by size and are in layers.

44. Glacial Deposits – Till Deposits  Till deposits is unsorted material deposited by the glacier.

45. Mass Movement  Mass movement is the movement of any material down slope.  Gravity controls mass movement.  It can be a slow or fast process.

46. Mass Movement – Rock Fall  Loosened and exposed rock may fall in chunks or slide down a slope.  This happens quickly.

47. Mass Movement - Landslide  Large amounts of material move downward quickly.

48. Mass Movement - Mudflow  Mudflows are large amounts of flowing mud.  This happens when water combines with rocks and soil.

49. Mass Movement - Lahars  Lahars are mudflows made from water, soil, and volcanic ash.  This material is similar to concrete.

50. Mass Movement - Creep  Creep is a slow movement of areas of land.

51. References  http://picasaweb.google.com/jfcarr/HockingHills02/photo#5113918686357241474 http://picasaweb.google.com/jfcarr/HockingHills02/photo#5113918686357241474  http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jensenl/visuals/album/2005/up/sandpointcliffs.jpg http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jensenl/visuals/album/2005/up/sandpointcliffs.jpg  http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/images/lithosphere/eolian/wind_erosion_New_Mexico_p0 772931600_NRCS.jpg http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/images/lithosphere/eolian/wind_erosion_New_Mexico_p0 772931600_NRCS.jpg http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/images/lithosphere/eolian/wind_erosion_New_Mexico_p0 772931600_NRCS.jpg  http://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/CA_erosion.jpg http://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/CA_erosion.jpg  http://graphics.jsonline.com/graphics/news/img/apr05/beach2041005.jpg http://graphics.jsonline.com/graphics/news/img/apr05/beach2041005.jpg  http://www.worms.com/worm-pdfs/images/childrens_guide_to_vermicomposting_img_41.jpg http://www.worms.com/worm-pdfs/images/childrens_guide_to_vermicomposting_img_41.jpg  http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1068194/2/istockphoto_1068194_zion_national_park_tree_ growing_out_of_rock.jpg http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1068194/2/istockphoto_1068194_zion_national_park_tree_ growing_out_of_rock.jpg http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1068194/2/istockphoto_1068194_zion_national_park_tree_ growing_out_of_rock.jpg  http://www.slrphotographyguide.com/images/slow-water.jpg http://www.slrphotographyguide.com/images/slow-water.jpg  http://www.fortunebaycompany.com/Ice%20Floe%20Trip/Ice%20Cave%20Pic.jpg http://www.fortunebaycompany.com/Ice%20Floe%20Trip/Ice%20Cave%20Pic.jpg  http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/174100main_planet_plants_lg.jpg http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/174100main_planet_plants_lg.jpg  http://www.adamk.ca/images/CW31K.jpg http://www.adamk.ca/images/CW31K.jpg  http://www.decoutances.co.uk/images/Williams%20Stream%20Outlet%201.jpg http://www.decoutances.co.uk/images/Williams%20Stream%20Outlet%201.jpg  http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/PollutionPrevention/images/chemicals.JPG http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/PollutionPrevention/images/chemicals.JPG  http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/831/35069201.JPG http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/831/35069201.JPG  http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/gips/images/baluslrg.gif http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/gips/images/baluslrg.gif  http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg301c/hudson_grg_301c/schedule/4_water_geomorph_images/11_kar st/1.jpg http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg301c/hudson_grg_301c/schedule/4_water_geomorph_images/11_kar st/1.jpg http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg301c/hudson_grg_301c/schedule/4_water_geomorph_images/11_kar st/1.jpg  http://www.gallagherstravels.com/States/VA/SarecenTentCaveFormation.jpg http://www.gallagherstravels.com/States/VA/SarecenTentCaveFormation.jpg  http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/29/71/23367129.jpg http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/29/71/23367129.jpg  http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NasaNews/ReleaseImages/20040517/01_bandiron.jpg http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NasaNews/ReleaseImages/20040517/01_bandiron.jpg  http://www.letsgodigital.org/images/artikelen/39/mount-everest.jpg http://www.letsgodigital.org/images/artikelen/39/mount-everest.jpg  http://www.marketobservation.com/blogs/media/blogs/priveq/Everest.jpg http://www.marketobservation.com/blogs/media/blogs/priveq/Everest.jpg  http://scoutingclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/mount_whitney.jpg http://scoutingclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/mount_whitney.jpg

52. More references  http://www.sugarcubes.ca/sugarcubes_files/baby%20sugar%20cubes%20md%20web.jpg http://www.sugarcubes.ca/sugarcubes_files/baby%20sugar%20cubes%20md%20web.jpg  http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/food/sugar/gfx/sugar_top.jpg http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/food/sugar/gfx/sugar_top.jpg  http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/images/waves_3.jpg http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/images/waves_3.jpg  http://www.destination360.com/europe/portugal/portugal-beaches.php http://www.destination360.com/europe/portugal/portugal-beaches.php  http://www.brooklynparrots.com/uploaded_images/parrots-invade-nj-beaches2-719501.jpg http://www.brooklynparrots.com/uploaded_images/parrots-invade-nj-beaches2-719501.jpg  http://www.myantigua.org/antigua/images/gen_pages/beaches/ant_long_beach_lg.jpg http://www.myantigua.org/antigua/images/gen_pages/beaches/ant_long_beach_lg.jpg  http://www.cinnamonrainbows.com/weeklypic/HUGE%20Wave.jpg http://www.cinnamonrainbows.com/weeklypic/HUGE%20Wave.jpg  http://www.celebratebig.com/pacific-northwest/vancouver-island-barkley-sound-deer-island-group- bamfield-tofino-kayaking/barkley-sound-vancouver-island-deer-group-rock-sea-arch.jpg http://www.celebratebig.com/pacific-northwest/vancouver-island-barkley-sound-deer-island-group- bamfield-tofino-kayaking/barkley-sound-vancouver-island-deer-group-rock-sea-arch.jpg http://www.celebratebig.com/pacific-northwest/vancouver-island-barkley-sound-deer-island-group- bamfield-tofino-kayaking/barkley-sound-vancouver-island-deer-group-rock-sea-arch.jpg  http://great-hikes.com/blog/images/KalalauLastCave.jpg http://great-hikes.com/blog/images/KalalauLastCave.jpg  http://wallpaper.travelblog.org/Wallpaper/pix/tb_mui_ne_sand_dunes.jpg http://wallpaper.travelblog.org/Wallpaper/pix/tb_mui_ne_sand_dunes.jpg  http://www.uvm.edu/whale//GlaciersWhatAre.html http://www.uvm.edu/whale//GlaciersWhatAre.html  http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/images/photographic/nh09.jpg http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/images/photographic/nh09.jpg  http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/photos/ep/hike/TerraceCliff.jpg http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/photos/ep/hike/TerraceCliff.jpg  http://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/globalvolcanoes.png http://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/globalvolcanoes.png  http://www.iguanaverdetours.com/images/ivpoas.jpg http://www.iguanaverdetours.com/images/ivpoas.jpg  http://pirate.shu.edu/~schoenma/mountains.htm http://pirate.shu.edu/~schoenma/mountains.htm  http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_03_img0412.jpg http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_03_img0412.jpg

53. And Yet Even More References  http://www.susanmilne.com/glacier/gla-norsun3.jpg http://www.susanmilne.com/glacier/gla-norsun3.jpg  http://geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/wpk/pe/a/harbbook/c_viii/images/alpine/Bee0050.GIF http://geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/wpk/pe/a/harbbook/c_viii/images/alpine/Bee0050.GIF  http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/morphology1/ContinentalIce.jpg http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/morphology1/ContinentalIce.jpg  http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/vft/img/glacial1.jpg http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/vft/img/glacial1.jpg  http://geogweb.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Wells/geomorph/striated.jpg http://geogweb.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Wells/geomorph/striated.jpg  http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/images/fig162.jpg http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/images/fig162.jpg  http://nesoil.com/images/tillcut.jpg http://nesoil.com/images/tillcut.jpg  http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/mass_wasting_erosion/landslide_La_Conchita_CA_US GS_slide21.jpg http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/mass_wasting_erosion/landslide_La_Conchita_CA_US GS_slide21.jpg http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/mass_wasting_erosion/landslide_La_Conchita_CA_US GS_slide21.jpg  http://www.boingboing.net/images/_us.yimg.com_p_ap_20050110_capt.cadd10101102308.topix_california_storm _cadd101.jpg http://www.boingboing.net/images/_us.yimg.com_p_ap_20050110_capt.cadd10101102308.topix_california_storm _cadd101.jpg http://www.boingboing.net/images/_us.yimg.com_p_ap_20050110_capt.cadd10101102308.topix_california_storm _cadd101.jpg  http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/jpg-Kimmeridge/6KM-collapse-two.jpg http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/jpg-Kimmeridge/6KM-collapse-two.jpg  http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/salvadorquake/landslide.jpg http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/salvadorquake/landslide.jpg  http://hkss.cedd.gov.hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/images/PoShanLandslide.jpg http://hkss.cedd.gov.hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/images/PoShanLandslide.jpg  http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/8211/siano2.jpg http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/8211/siano2.jpg  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG/800px- Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG/800px- Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG/800px- Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG  http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/mw_images/trlwood_meander_1982.jpg http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/mw_images/trlwood_meander_1982.jpg  http://www.ndsu.edu/nd_geology/nd_mass_wasting/images_mass_wasting/creep_kathryn1.jpg http://www.ndsu.edu/nd_geology/nd_mass_wasting/images_mass_wasting/creep_kathryn1.jpg  http://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/EH/Below/Images/sinkhole%20BIG.jpg http://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/EH/Below/Images/sinkhole%20BIG.jpg  http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/mcgsc/images/nixa_sinkhole_sm.jpg http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/mcgsc/images/nixa_sinkhole_sm.jpg  http://www.gasd.k12.pa.us/~dpompa/Plate%20Boundaries.JPG http://www.gasd.k12.pa.us/~dpompa/Plate%20Boundaries.JPG  http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/20231-004-008EFA7E.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/20231-004-008EFA7E.jpg