1. Hillslopes - moving mass: creep,slides and flows 1. Force balance - driving vs resisting forces 2. Soil creep - slope dependent, diffusive processes 3. Mass movements - landslides and rock falls 4. Flows - of debris and mud

2. FORCE BALANCE GRAVITY SHEAR STRENGTH (FRICTION AND COHESION or VISCOSITY) DRIVING VERSUS RESISTING

3. http://ees.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/elea rning/module11swf.swf

4. Processes that move mass on slopes first consider infiltration rate  Rainsplash (bare soil only)  Channels (ephemeral, permanent)  Creep (grab-bag, many processes)  Mass movement (landsliding = translational, rotational and rockfall)  Flowage (debris and mud)

5. Slope types – connect to process

6. Rain splash Rainsplash - splatering, downslope component 2

7. Where flow is thin, rainsplash disturbance prevents channelization Incision begins when shear stress exceeds strength 2

8. Critical Distance from drainage divide = channelization 2

9. Soil Creep - evidence Marathon Basin, west Texas. J.S. Aber. 3 Which way is soil moving? Rate is a function of slope Q= ks

10. Other biotic effects - vary by climate and location 3

11. Mammals (gophers here) 3 NET DOWNSLOPE TRANSPORT

12. Rotational failure - clay, silt, homogeneous material

13. Rotational Failures Bishop method of slices

14. Importance of unique events/thresholds Discrete vs. continuous processes Storms Disturbance Landslides Debris Flows

17. 2000 2600 5900 6800 8200 9400 The Ritterbush Record 50 cm Calendar Years BP

18. AMS 14 C Analysis

19. Storm Frequency 4 maxima; currently increasing—observed? 0 24681012 Calendar kyr BP

20. North Atlantic Climate GISP2 nssK GISP2 ssNa Coolings Stor m Freq. Storms Floods 0 24681012 Calendar kyr BP

21. Hillslope- channel transition, colluvial hollows

23. Bank erosion?