2. 1769-1821 French military and political leader took control of France after the Directory was dismissed in 1799 “I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sward”

3. 1799 takes control of government in a military coup. Establishes Consulate with himself as First Consul 1801 Repaired relationship with the Catholic Church by reaching agreement with pop (Concordat) 1802 In a plebiscite people “vote” to make Napoleon consul for life; makes peace with Second Coalition and returns peace to France 1804 Napoleon crowned emperor; creates Napoleonic Code

4. Forbade privileges by birth Established meritocracy Allowed freedom of religion

5. 1805 Napoleon goes to war with Third Coalition 1812 French army fails in their invasion of Russian 1814 Napoleon’s army defeated, he abdicated and is exiled to the island of Elba, off the coast of Italy 1815 Napoleon escapes and makes a triumphant return (Hundred Days) before being defeated again at the Battle of Waterloo 1821 Napoleon dies on the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic

7. Social Spread Nationalism across Europe Uses Propaganda and Psychological warfare Allowed NO dissent (used secret police and censorship) Established a public school system Napoleonic Code: uniform law system Political Meritocracy: advancement based on ability, not status Uses plebiscite Returned stability to France Ended French Revolution and set up authoritarian state Consulate (1799) Empire (1804)

8. Economic Central financial institution, Bank of France Continental System- blockade of Great Britain used to try and weaken/defeat Britain economy Religious Concordat with papacy (1801)- Catholicism official religion Allowed religious tolerance Military Expanded French borders Biggest opponent was Great Britain Failed to invade Russia in 1812 (due to Russia’s scorched earth policy and guerilla warfare) Returned triumphantly for Hundred Days before finally being defeated at Waterloo

10. What? Meeting of European powers after the defeat of Napoleon from September 1814 to November 1815 Who? The four great allies who had fought against Napoleon and Bourbon France Great Britain Austria Prussia Russia France Why? To return stability to Europe and ensure future stability; not to punish France No single state should be allowed to dominate Europe Restored and encouraged legitimate monarchies (reject republic ideas) Created strong states around France and deter future French aggression