1. COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF ONDANSETRON Vs PALONOSETRON IN PREVENTION OF POST OP NAUSEA AND VOMITING FOLLOWING ENT SURGERIES
Dr.Kaviya.K.J II yr MD
Prof. Dr. R. Subramaniya Bharathiyar ;Professor and H.O.D
Prof. Dr. R. Lakshmi, Associate Professor
Prof Dr.Ponnambala Namasivayam, Associate Professor
Dr.Carolin von mullai Assistant professor
Dept of anesthesiology SMC.
Dr.MGR University 2010

2. BACKGROUND
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) “big little problem”is a frequent complication of surgery, which can lead to subject discomfort and dissatisfaction as well as considerable subsequent medical and economic consequences .
nausea and vomiting within the 24–72 h period occur with an incidence of approximately 30% and 5% respectively.
Gupta et al. found a 32.6% incidence of PDNV.15 In the high-risk patients receiving placebo the incidence of PDNV was approximately 60% in the studies by Kovac et al

3. Schematic representation of the factors influencing nausea and vomiting

4. Risk Factors: Patient Specific
Simplified Scoring System
Female
Nonsmoking history
Hx of motion sickness or PONV
Use of postoperative opioids
Incidence of PONV
Risk Factors
Incidence
10% 1
21% 2
39% 3
61% 4
79%
Patients received thiopental for induction, opioid and potent inhalation anesthetic plus nitrous oxide for maintenance. Type of surgical procedure seems to not be an independent risk factor.
Apfel CC et al. Anesthesiology 1999;91:

5. Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone and Emetic Center
Antagonist
Promethazine
5-HT3 RAs
Atropine
Droperidol
NK-1 RA
Agonist
5-HT3
Histamine
Muscarinic
Dopamine (D2)
Substance P
Receptor Site
Nitrogen mustard
Cisplatin
Digoxin glycoside
Opioid, analgesics
Vestibular portion
of 8th nerve
N2O
GI tract distension
Higher centers (vision, taste)
Pharynx
Chemoreceptor
Trigger
Zone
(CTZ)
Postrema
Area
The CNS vomiting centers have specific emetogenic receptors.
Area postrema is rich in serotonin
(5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT; a serotonin subtype assoc with nausea and vomiting); opioid; and dopamine D2 receptors.
CTZ includes serotonin receptors.
Nucleus of the solitary tract has histamine, cholinergic, muscarinic, and enkephalin receptors.
Hypotension or pharmacologic stimulants can cause the release of these neurochemicals in the brain, initiating the vomiting reflex.
Blockade of these CNS receptors is hypothesized to be the mechanism of action of the commonly used antiemetics.
Mediastinum
Parvicellular
Reticular
Formation
Emetic
Center ?
Vagus

6. Palonosetron second generation 5-HT3 RA
a unique chemical structure. T1/2 40 hrs
Exhibits high binding affinity.
allosteric binding and positive cooperativity,
induces receptor internalisation
Palonosetron mg IV is approved by FDA (PONV) for up to 24 hours following surgery.
SIDE EFFECTS:
headache (3%),
constipation (2%)
prolongation of the QTc interval (5%)

7. Rojas et al. described the unique pharmacology of palonosetron compared with other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists,
Tang et al. demonstrated a dose response for palonosetron up to 30 μg/kg, with 1 μg/kg being the lowest effective dose in the first 24 h for PONV
Kovac et al.7 and Candiotti et al. At the highest dose studied (0.075 mg), the incidence of vomiting or need for antiemetic treatment was reduced during the first 24 h after surgery by approximately 20%-30% &found a marked reduction in incidence and severity within the first 24 h .
Kovac et al. demonstrated continued efficacy compared with placebo for 24 to 72 h.

8. AIM OF THE STUDY Primary Outcome Measures: Secondary Outcome Measures:
The purpose of this study is to investigate Iv palonosetron versus Iv ondansetron medication for the prevention of nausea and vomiting through 72 hours postoperatively in patients undergoing ENT procedures requiring general anesthesia.
Primary Outcome Measures:
proportion of patients with no emetic episodes in the Time Frame: 0-72 hours post-operatively
Secondary Outcome Measures:
Proportion of patients with no emetic episodes in different time periods :Time Frame: 0-6 hours,
6-24 hours,
24-72 hours,
Severity of nausea in different time periods
Time Frame: 0-6 hours,

9. Study design Interventional Single blind Prospective Randomised
Non placebo

10. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Institutional Ethics Committee approval was obtained
Informed written consent was obtained
60 patients belonging to ASA PS 1 &2 undergoing ENT surgeries under general anesthesia were chosen and randomly divided into 2 groups each n=30
Group O received Inj ondansetron 75mcg/kg upto 8mg
Group P received Inj Palonosetron 1.5mcg/kg upto 0.075mg
30 minutes before start of surgery

11. MAIN INCLUSION CRITERIA
Male or female patient aged more than 5 years up to 60 years.
Inpatient scheduled to undergo surgical procedures requiring general endotracheal anesthesia for ear, nose and throat surgery;
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, II
Patient scheduled to be hospitalized for at least 72 hours after wake up of surgery

12. MAIN EXCLUSION CRITERIA
History of gastro-esophageal reflux.
Patient scheduled to undergo emergency surgery.
Patient scheduled to receive propofol during the maintenance phase of anesthesia.
Patient with vomiting from any organic cause.
Any drug with a potential anti-emetic effect within 24 hours prior to the administration of anesthesia.
Any vomiting, retching, or nausea in the 24 hours preceding the administration of anesthesia.

13. Materials IV cannulae Monitors Drugs for general anaesthesia
Drug O Ondansetron 4mg
Drug P Palonosetron mg

14. METHODS Premedication: Inj. Glycopyrolate 0.004 mg/kg iv,
Inj. Midazolam 0.02mg /kg iv,
Inj. Fentanyl 2 mcg/kg iv.
Anaesthesia was induced with
Inj. Thiopentone 5mg/kg iv and
Inj succinylcholine 2mg /kg iv
Intubated with appropriate sized ETT
placement confirmed .

15. METHODS Anaesthesia was maintained with N2O: O2 70:30%,
Isoflurane 1% with controlled ventilation
Muscle relaxant Inj Atracurium loading dose of 0.5mg/kg followed by a maintanence dose of 0.1mg/kg was used
After adequate spontaneous respiratory effect reversed with Inj neostigmine 50mcg/kg with Inj glycopyrrolate 40mcg/kg.
During maintenance of anesthesia
Heart rate, Mean arterial blood pressure, ECG
Spo2, respiratory rate, end-tidal CO2 concentration,

16. Post operative: Data collected over 72 hrs post op.
No of emetic episodes recorded and time at which it occurred.
Emetic episode is defined as single vomit or retch or a combination
Complete response: No emetic episode
Major response :one emetic episode
Treatment failure: 2 or more episode or the receipt of an rescue anti emetic
Data recorded & results were statistically evaluated

17. RESULTS ONDANSETRON MEAN AGE 26+/-4 [5yrs-50yr] SEX M/F 15/15
DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:
PALONOSETRON
MEAN AGE:24+/-5 [5Yrs-52]
SEX:M/F 14/16
ONDANSETRON
MEAN AGE 26+/-4 [5yrs-50yr]
SEX M/F 15/15

18. COMPLETE RESPONSE

19. NAUSEA

20. HEADACHE

21. CONCLUSIONS Emesis and nausea female>male
Emesis early 0-12 hrs comparable
Emesis delayed hrs palonosetron superior
Palonosetron superior in controlling nausea
Headache symptoms comparable

22. PROFORMA NAUSEA Mild moderate severe NAME : AGE/SEX: IP NO:
WEIGHT: ASA I II
DIAGNOSIS: SURGERY PLANNED:
PREMED: TIME OF DRUG ADMINISTERED:
TECHNIQUE OF ANESTHESIA:
CONDITION AT THE END OF SURGERY:
PONV FIRST 2 HRS HRS
NO OF
EMETIC
EPISODES
NAUSEA Mild moderate severe

23. REFERENCES
Apfel CC, Laara E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology.1999;91(3):693–700.
Management of PONV focus on palonosetron Neil muchatuta michael peach 2008
K. A. Candiotti, A. L. Kovac, T. I. Melson, G. Clerici, T. Joo Gan, and The Palonosetron Study Group A Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Three Different Doses of Palonosetron Versus Placebo for Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2008; 107(2):
Palonosetron Hcl in the prevention of PONV Jane wallenborn and Peter crank dept of anesthesiology University of leizpig.Germany
Gralla R, Lichinitser M, Van der Vegt S, Sleeboom H, Mezger J, Peschel C, Tonini G, Labianca R, Macciocchi A, Aapro M. Palonosetron improves prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting following moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: results of a double-blind randomized phase III trial comparing single doses of palonosetron with ondansetron. Ann Oncol 2003;14:1570–7
Stoltz R, Cyong J-C, Shah A, Parisi S. Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of palonosetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist, in U.S. and Japanese healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:520–31

24. THANK U