1. Aristotle’s Views on Plato and Property PHIL 2011 2006-07

2. Reprise of Republic class and property system Two classes: Warriors Husbandmen, craftsmen, and all others; we do not know how property is organized (2.5) Warrior class produces the philosopher-kings; All members of this class subject to community property requirement Actual states such as Sparta and Crete had common meals provided for by product of public or private lands—Aristotle approves of this.

3. Property Regime Options All things in common, e.g. guardians in Plato’s Republic Some in common, some not None in common Conceivable, but plagued with problems, e.g. free-riding, 2.3 E.g. fruits of private lands for common meals, (Sparta, 2.5; Public land for meals (Pol. 7.10) Impossible— must at least have city in common!

4. Private families, common property (2.5)? Soil private Soil common Produce private Produce common Produce private Produce common Athens Sparta; they also use dogs and horses in common “certain foreigners” do this Communism, but not Plato’s version; why?

5. Aristotle’s view of human nature “…surely the love of self is a feeling implanted nature, and not given in vain [nature does nothing in vain]….” What is Plato’s view of human nature? Helpful hint: a political philosopher’s view of HN is often the key to his philosophy!

6. Is Aristotle promoting Altruism? If so, how? “’Friends’…will have all things common’” “It is clearly better that property should be private, but the use of it common”; Spartans allow fellow-citizens use of their slaves, dogs and horses! “…there is the greatest pleasure in doing a kindness or service to friends…which can only be rendered when a man has private property.” “…the special business of the legislator [law- giver] is to create in men this benevolent disposition.”

7. “Liberality” depends on private property! What is “liberality”? An important Aristotelian virtue, also called “magnanimity”; It means generosity So to be generous we need to have something of our own to give! Consider the case of charity to assist people in need Versus use of public monies Is one way better than the other?

8. Regulation of Property Many constitutions recognized influence of property on society; No one else has imitated Plato’ community of women and children; Laws of Solon prohibited unlimited property Phaleas of Chalcedon: equality of possessions Easier in colonies Not very feasible in established states But Lycurgus equalized property at Sparta!

9. Property-Population Connection (2.6) If property to be regulated Population must also be regulated scientifically Using actuarial methods: child mortality and sterility rates of couples! Why? Some ancient legislators thought number of families should remain unchanged Aristotle in Book 7: a city may decide to regulate population, even by abortion.

10. Why is Inequality a problem? Plato’s “two cities” of the rich and the poor Class war Injustice: some in want, while others luxuriate in riches But equality can also be unjust if parcels are not sufficient to sustain the possessor!

11. Moderation in equalization (2.7) If properties equal, they should be of moderate size; Rich should not be made poor, for they will cause revolutions; The real issue is not property size, but men’s desires How are these to be regulated? By education!

12. Today’s Question: On page 36, Aristotle suggested that property should be in a certain sense, common; but as a general rule, private. But then he suggested that there will be more quarrels when people have private property than when people have all in common. Do you think it is a strong argument against private property, and do you think it is a viable option to share all in common (wives, children, property, education, honor) within a state? Why and Why not? Things to consider: degree of unity, individualism at that time, self-sufficiency for a state, distribution of property among all citizens in a state.