1. Summary Chapter 12

2.  Lincoln ◦ Illegal for South to secede, therefore an insurrection ◦ President responsible for restoring Union quickly ◦ Gradual and peaceful  Congress ◦ South had forfeited statehood and should be treated as territories ◦ Charles Sumner – leader of “Radical Republicans” in Congress to called for strict readmission ◦ Ensure protection for former slaves

3.  10% Plan – had to swear allegiance  Generous and forgiving  Johnson (VP) and a southerner favored white Southerners and wanted to keep whites in power and blacks out of office  Black Codes  All states came back into Union without Congressional approval (not in session)

4.  14 th Amendment passed  Many ignored it (encouraged by Johnson)  North angry and Republicans gained control of Congress  South MUST pass 14 th amendment  Blacks MUST be granted right to vote (suffrage)  No Confederate officials could hold office  Freedman’s Bureau – to help former slaves  South divided into military districts

5.  Johnson stood in the way of legislation  Impeached by Congress; missed by 1 vote  1868 – Grant elected – very popular  700,000 blacks voted for the first time  Bitter feelings & resentment after war ◦ Carpetbaggers – Northerners who went to the south to do business; often took advantage ◦ Scalawags – Southerners who supported Reconstruction; faced hardships from Southerners

6.  Ku Klux Klan (KKK) formed to intimidate blacks and prevent them from voting  Martial law declared but small number of troops in the south unable to stop violence  Corruption in Grant’s administration; appointed bad leaders  Freedman’s Bureau lacks funding, Congressmen are retiring, people tire of troops in South, business leaders wanted to invest in a stable south

7.  Election of 1876 – elected despite fewer votes than Tilden  Compromise of 1877 – Democrats let Hayes become President if Republicans end Reconstruction in the south.  South returns to the hands of white southerners ◦ Jim Crow Laws – separate facilities, poll tax, literacy tests  Civil rights take a big step backwards