2. Civil War (1861-62)

3. key Civil War battles First Bull Run (First Manassas) (July 1861) Seven Days Campaign (June-July 1862) – Confederates gain initiative (Lee, Jackson) – Union stops conciliating civilians – Lincoln decides to abolish slavery

4. key Civil War battles First Bull Run (First Manassas) (July 1861) Seven Days Campaign (June-July 1862) Antietam and Perryville (September 1862) – Union regains initiative (Grant) – Lincoln announces Emancipation Proclamation

5. Civil War 1861-62 from union war to abolition war from conciliation to pragmatism modernizing of armies (more so for Union) modernizing of government (Union only)

6. further reading The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (1863-1901) Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (1887-88) Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb (1943) Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank (1952) James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (1988)

7. Wartime Reconstruction (1861-62)

8. Sea Islands, South Carolina

9. Robert Barnwell Rhett house, Sea Islands

10. cypress swamp, Sea Islands

11. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1861: Union seizes some of the Sea Islands

12. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1861: Union seizes some of the Sea Islands Jan 1862: Pierce is sent to investigate

13. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1861: Union seizes some of the Sea Islands Jan 1862: Pierce is sent to investigate Feb 1862: freedmen’s aid societies form in New York and Boston (the “Gideonites”)

14. goals of the Gideonites provide aid to the needy

15. goals of the Gideonites provide aid to the needy – aid should entail self-help – aid should be provided by volunteers

16. goals of the Gideonites provide aid to the needy – aid should entail self-help – aid should be provided by volunteers prepare the slaves for freedom

17. goals of the Gideonites provide aid to the needy – aid should entail self-help – aid should be provided by volunteers prepare the slaves for freedom – training for living (bourgeois capitalism) – training for living (domesticity)

18. goals of the Gideonites provide aid to the needy – aid should entail self-help – aid should be provided by volunteers prepare the slaves for freedom – training for living (bourgeois capitalism) – training for living (domesticity) – without endangering the cotton crop

19. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1861: Union seizes some of the Sea Islands Jan 1862: Pierce is sent to investigate Feb 1862: freedmen’s aid societies form in New York and Boston (the “Gideonites”) Mar 1862: first Gideonites arrive

20. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1861: Union seizes some of the Sea Islands Jan 1862: Pierce is sent to investigate Feb 1862: freedmen’s aid societies form in New York and Boston (the “Gideonites”) Mar 1862: first Gideonites arrive April 1862: Towne arrives

21. Laura Towne and her students

22. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1861: Union seizes some of the Sea Islands Jan 1862: Pierce is sent to investigate Feb 1862: freedmen’s aid societies form in New York and Boston (the “Gideonites”) Mar 1862: first Gideonites arrive April 1862: Towne arrives May 1862: first draft (companies disbanded)

23. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1861: Union seizes some of the Sea Islands Jan 1862: Pierce is sent to investigate Feb 1862: freedmen’s aid societies form in New York and Boston (the “Gideonites”) Mar 1862: first Gideonites arrive April 1862: Towne arrives May 1862: first draft (companies disbanded) May 1862: Smalls escapes to Union lines

24. Robert B. Smalls

25. Thomas Wentworth Higginson

26. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Nov 1862: Higginson takes command of the 1 st SC Vols

27. First South Carolina Volunteers

28. Our masters have live under the flag, they got there wealth under it, and every thing beautiful for their children. Under it they have grind us up, and put us in there pocket for money. But the first minute they think that old flag mean freedom for we colored people, they pull it right down, and run up the rag of their own. -corporal in the 1 st SC Vols, quoted by Higginson

29. Charlotte Forten

30. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Oct 1862: Forten arrives Nov 1862: Higginson takes command of the 1 st SC Vols

31. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Oct 1862: Forten arrives Nov 1862: Higginson takes command of the 1 st SC Vols Jan 1863: abolition of slavery

32. Elizabeth Hyde Botume and friend

33. the Sea Islands during the Civil War Oct 1862: Forten arrives Nov 1862: Higginson takes command of the 1 st SC Vols Jan 1863: abolition of slavery Nov 1863: Botume arrives

34. I must first know something of their dialect in order that we might understand each other. -excerpt from Elizabeth Hyde Botume’s memoir

35. Others of the colored people joined in; some whites on the platform began, but I motioned them to silence. I never saw anything so electric; it made all other words cheap; it seemed the choked voice of a race at last unloosed. -excerpt from Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870)