1. CHAPTER 10 Capital Budgeting Ch. 9 in the 4 th edition PV of Cash Flows Payback NPV IRR EAA NPV profiles

3. Characteristics of Business Projects Project Types and Risk Capital projects have increasing risk according to whether they are replacements, expansions or new ventures Stand-Alone and Mutually Exclusive Projects A stand-alone project has no competing alternatives The project is judged on its own viability Mutually exclusive projects are involved when selecting one project excludes selecting the other

4. Characteristics of Business Projects Project Cash Flows The first and usually most difficult step in capital budgeting is reducing projects to a series of cash flows Business projects involve early cash outflows and later inflows The initial outlay is required to get started The Cost of Capital A firm’s cost of capital is the average rate it pays its investors for the use of their money In general a firm can raise money from two sources: debt and equity If a potential project is expected to generate a return greater than the cost of the money to finance it, it is a good investment

5. Capital Budgeting Techniques There are four basic techniques for determining a project’s financial viability: Payback (determines how many years it takes to recover a project’s initial cost) Net Present Value (determines by how much the present value of the project’s inflows exceeds the present value of its outflows) Internal Rate of Return (determines the rate of return the project earns [internally]) Equivalent annual annuity (EAA)

6. Capital Budgeting Techniques— Payback The payback period is the time it takes to recover early cash outflows Shorter paybacks are better Payback Decision Rules Stand-alone projects If the payback period ) policy maximum accept (reject) Mutually Exclusive Projects If Payback A < Payback B  choose Project A Weaknesses of the Payback Method Ignores the time value of money Ignores the cash flows after the payback period

7. Relevant Cash Flows Cash Flow (vs. Accounting Income) Incremental Cash Flows Partial budget concept

8. Example Projects

9. Payback for Project L (Long: Most CFs in out years) 108060 0123 -100 = CF t Cumul -100 -90 -3050 Payback L 2+30/80 = 2.375 years 0 2.4

10. Project S (Short: CFs come quickly) 702050 0123 -100 CF t Cumul -100 -30 2040 Payback L 1 + 30/50 = 1.6 years 0 1.6 =

11. 108060 0123 CF t Cumul(PV) -100-90.91-41.3218.79 Disc. payback 2+ 41.32/60.11 = 2.7 yrs Discounted Payback: Uses discounted rather than raw CFs. PVCF t -100 10% 9.0949.5960.11 = Recover invest + cap costs in 2.7 yrs. Project L

12. Capital Budgeting Techniques— Payback: another example Consider the following cash flows Year 01234 Cash flow (C i )($200,000)$60,000 Cumulative cash flows ($200,000)($140,000)($80,000)($20,000)$40,000 Payback period occurs at 3.33 years. Year 01234 Cash flow (C i )($200,000)$60,000 Payback period is easily visualized by the cumulative cash flows

13. Capital Budgeting Techniques— Payback— yet another example Q:Use the payback period technique to choose between mutually exclusive projects A and B. Example 800200C5C5 800200C4C4 350400C3C3 C2C2 C1C1 ($1,200) C0C0 Project BProject A A: Project A’s payback is 3 years as its initial outlay is fully recovered in that time. Project B doesn’t fully recover until sometime in the 4 th year. Thus, according to the payback method, Project A is better than B.

14. Capital Budgeting Techniques— Payback Why Use the Payback Method? It’s quick and easy to apply Serves as a rough screening device Indicates how long to resolve uncertainty The Present Value Payback Method Involves finding the present value of the project’s cash flows then calculating the project’s payback

15. Capital Budgeting Techniques—Net Present Value (NPV) NPV is the sum of the present values of a project’s cash flows at the cost of capital  If PV inflows > PV outflows, NPV > 0

16. Capital Budgeting Techniques—Net Present Value (NPV) NPV and Shareholder Wealth A project’s NPV is the net effect that undertaking a project is expected to have on the firm’s value A project with an NPV > (<) 0 should increase (decrease) firm value Since the firm desires to maximize shareholder wealth, it should select the capital spending program with the highest NPV NPV is the PV of economic profit

17. Capital Budgeting Techniques—Net Present Value (NPV) Decision Rules Stand-alone Projects NPV > 0  accept NPV < 0  reject Mutually Exclusive Projects NPV A > NPV B  choose Project A over B

18. Capital Budgeting Techniques—Net Present Value (NPV) Example Q:Project Alpha has the following cash flows. If the firm considering Alpha has a cost of capital of 12%, should the project be undertaken? Example $3,000C3C3 $2,000C2C2 $1,000C1C1 ($5,000)C0C0 A: The NPV is found by summing the present value of the cash flows when discounted at the firm’s cost of capital. Since Alpha’s NPV<0, it should not be undertaken.

19. Use CF j on the cash flow Show on the board

20. Techniques—Internal Rate of Return (IRR) A project’s IRR is the return it generates on the investment of its cash outflows For example, if a project has the following cash flows 0123 -5,0001,0002,0003,000 Literally the IRR is the interest rate at which the present value of the three inflows just equals the $5,000 outflow If you lend yourself the money to make the investment, the IRR is the highest interest rate you could charge and the investment pay off the loan The “price” of receiving the inflows

21. Techniques—Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Defining IRR Through the NPV Equation The IRR is the interest rate that makes a project’s NPV zero Solve for IRR one equation, one unknown, but usually impossible to solve with algebra Project cost

22. Techniques—Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Decision Rules Stand-alone Projects If IRR > cost of capital (or k)  accept If IRR < cost of capital (or k)  reject Mutually Exclusive Projects IRR A > IRR B  choose Project A over Project B (but don’t use IRR to rank mutually exclusive projects)

23. Techniques—Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Calculating IRRs Finding IRRs usually requires an iterative, trial-and- error technique Guess at the project’s IRR Calculate the project’s NPV using this interest rate  If NPV is zero, the guessed interest rate is the project’s IRR  If NPV > (<) 0, try a new, higher (lower) interest rate

24. Techniques—Internal Rate of Return (IRR)—Example Q:Find the IRR for the following series of cash flows: If the firm’s cost of capital is 8%, is the project a good idea? What if the cost of capital is 10%? Example $1,000 C1C1 ($5,000) C0C0 $2,000 C2C2 $3,000 C3C3 A: We’ll start by guessing an IRR of 12%. We’ll calculate the project’s NPV at this interest rate. Since NPV<0, the project’s IRR must be < 12%.

25. Techniques—Internal Rate of Return (IRR)—Example We’ll try a different, lower interest rate, say 10%. At 10%, the project’s NPV is ($184). Since the NPV is still less than zero, we need to try a still lower interest rate, say 9%. The following table lists the project’s NPV at different interest rates. Example Since NPV becomes positive somewhere between 8% and 9%, the project’s IRR must be between 8% and 9%. If the firm’s cost of capital is 8%, the project is marginal. If the firm’s cost of capital is 10%, the project is not a good idea. $1307 $228 ($83)9 ($184)10 ($377)12% Calculated NPV Interest Rate Guess The exact IRR can be calculated using a financial calculator. The financial calculator uses the iterative process just demonstrated; however it is capable of guessing and recalculating much more quickly.

26. Okay, if you haven’t already pointed it out by now, there is really no reason to do the trial and error yourself! Use the CF j calculator function (IRR key) Cash flows -5000 1000 2000 3000

27. Techniques—Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Technical Problems with IRR Multiple Solutions Unusual projects can have more than one IRR  Rarely presents practical difficulties The number of positive IRRs to a project depends on the number of sign reversals to the project’s cash flows  Normal pattern involves only one sign change The Reinvestment Assumption IRR method implicitly assumes cash inflows will be reinvested at the project’s IRR  For projects with extremely high IRRs, this is unlikely

28. When NPV and IRR disagree Only when comparisons must be made Not stand alone analysis Use the NPV rankings, not the IRR rankings

29. NPV Profile A project’s NPV profile is a graph of its NPV vs. the cost of capital It crosses the horizontal axis at the IRR

30. Construct NPV Profiles Enter CFs in CFLO and find NPV L and NPV S at several discount rates: k 0 5 10 15 20 NPV L 50 33 19 7 (4) NPV S 40 29 20 12 5

31. NPV ($) Discount Rate (%) IRR L = 18.1% IRR S = 23.6% Crossover Point = 8.7% k 0 5 10 15 20 NPV L 50 33 19 7 (4) NPV S 40 29 20 12 5 S L

32. Mutually Exclusive Projects k 8.7 k NPV % IRR s IRR L L S k NPV S, IRR S > IRR L CONFLICT k> 8.7: NPV S > NPV L, IRR S > IRR L NO CONFLICT Crossover rate = 8.7% Rankings of S and L were consistent because K was 10%

33. To find the crossover rate: 1.Find cash flow differences between the projects. Project L minus Project S Cash L (100) 10 60 80 Cash S (100) 70 50 20 Difference 0 -60 10 60

34. 2.Enter these differences in CFLO register, then press IRR. Crossover rate = 8.68, rounded to 8.7%. 3.Can subtract S from L or vice versa, but better to have first CF negative. 4.If profiles don’t cross, one project dominates the other.

35. Two reasons NPV profiles cross: 1)Size (scale) differences. Smaller project frees up funds at t = 0 for investment. The higher the discount rate, the more valuable these funds, so high k favors small projects. 2)Timing differences. Project with faster payback provides more CF in early years for reinvestment. If k is high, early CF especially good, NPV S > NPV L.

36. Reinvestment Rate Assumptions NPV assumes reinvest at k. IRR assumes reinvest at a rate greater than the crossover rate. Reinvest at opp. cost, k, is more realistic, so NPV method is best. NPV should be used to choose between mutually exclusive projects.

37. Comparing Projects with Unequal Lives If a significant difference exists between mutually exclusive projects’ lives, a direct comparison of the projects can be in error The problem arises using the NPV method Longer lived projects often have higher NPVs Or shorter projects lower net present cost Must consider if the investments are really a sequence If not a sequence then NPV is correct.

38. Comparing Projects with Unequal Lives Two solutions exist Replacement Chain Method Extends projects until a common time horizon is reached  For example, if mutually exclusive Projects A (with a life of 3 years) and B (with a life of 5 years) are being compared, both projects will be replicated so that they each last 15 years Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) Method Replaces each project with an equivalent annuity (PMT) that equates to the project’s original NPV That is, annualize the NPV (or net present cost) Both methods give the same conclusion so I only use EAA

39. Comparing Projects with Unequal Lives—Example Q:Which of the two following mutually exclusive projects should a firm purchase? Example Short-Lived Project (NPV = $432.82 at an 8% discount rate; IRR = 23.4%) $750 ($2,600) - C5C5 - C4C4 $750 C3C3 Long-Lived Project (NPV = $867.16 at an 8% discount rate; IRR = 18.3%) $750 C1C1 ($1,500) C0C0 $750 C2C2 - C6C6 A: The IRR method argues for undertaking the Short-Lived Project while the NPV method argues for the Long-Lived Project. We’ll correct for the unequal life problem by using the EAA Method. Both the EAA and Replacement Chain methods will lead to the same decision.

40. Comparing Projects with Unequal Lives—Example The EAA Method equates each project’s original NPV to an equivalent annual annuity. For the Short-Lived Project the EAA is $167.95 (the equivalent of receiving $432.82 spread out over 3 years at 8%); while the Long-Lived Project has an EAA of $187.58 (the equivalent of receiving $867.16 spread out over 6 years at 8%). Since the Long- Lived Project has the higher EAA, it should be chosen. This is the same decision reached by the Replacement Chain Method. Example

41. Review Steps: 1. Create ideas for capital investment 2. Estimate CFs (inflows & outflows). 3. Assess riskiness of CFs. 4. Determine k = WACC (adj. for risk). 5. Find NPV and/or IRR. 6.Accept if NPV > 0 and/or IRR > WACC. 7.If mutually exclusive, take the highest NPV 8.If mutu. excl. & lives differ take highest EAA