1. Capital Investment

2. Lecture Outline Define Capital Budgeting. Explain the importance of Capital Budgeting. Examine the method of implementing and managing long term projects. Discuss the advantages/disadvantages of the various analysis techniques.

3. Time Value of Money Would you rather have $1,000 today or $1,000 in five years time? Answer: $1,000 Today $1,000 can be invested today and if it earns 10% interest each year for the next 5 years it will accumulate to $1,610. $1,000 today will also buy more than $1,000 in five years time.

4. Time Value of Money $1 today is worth more than $1 in the future because of two factors: 1. Interest rates 2. Inflation

5. Time Value of Money ( 45,000)20,00020,00020,000 0 1 2 3 (years) Would you invest $45,000 now if you were to receive a return of $20,000 every year for the next three years

6. Time Value of Money We cannot simply say: Cash Inflow60,000 Less Cost45,000 Gain15,000 Money has a time value. $20,000 in one years time is worth more than $20,000 in three years time.

7. Time Value of Money As cash flows for each year have a different inherent value, they cannot be simply added together. Therefore we need to convert the annual cash flows into a common scale so that they can be added together. The common scale we use is called Present Value.

8. Time Value of Money (45,000)20,00020,00020,000 0 1 2 3 In calculating present value we convert (discount) all the annual cash flows into today’s dollars (ie what is $20,000 in two years time worth in today’s dollars).

9. Time Value of Money It’s the same basic principle you follow when you have different currencies. $A 100 = $A 100 $US100 = $A142 $HK100 = $A 26 $A268

10. Time Value of Money Lump Sum A lumps sum refers to a one off amount (ie what is the present value of $100 received in five years time). Present Value = Future Value (1 + i) n Where; i: The interest rate n: Number of years

11. Present Value Lump Sum If the interest rate is 10%, what is the PV of $161 received in five years time? ? $161 012345

12. Solution Present Value = Future Value (1 + i) n Present Value = 161 (1.10) 5 Present Value = $100

13. Practice Question Using an interest rate of 12%, what is the PV of $15,000 received in seven years time? ? $15,000 0123456 7

14. Solution Present Value = Future Value (1 + i) n Present Value = 15,000 (1.12) 7 Present Value = $6,785.24

15. Present Value Annuity Annuity Constant stream of cash flows (ie cash flow received each year of a projects life). PV =FV 1 +FV 2 +FV 3 (1 + i) (1 +i) 2 (1 + i) 3

16. Present Value Annuity Would you invest $45,000 now if you were to receive a return of $20,000 every year for the next three years. Use an interest rate of 8%.

17. Present Value Annuity PV =20,000 +20,000 +20,000 (1.08) (1.08) 2 (1.08) 3 PV =18,518 + 17,146 + 15,877 PV = $51,541 Gain = 51,541 – 45,000 Gain = 6,541

18. Practice Question If the interest rate is 10%, how much would the government need to invest today to fund a road safety program costing $5m every year for the next three years? PV = FV 1 +FV 2 + FV 3 (1 + i) (1 +i) 2 (1 + i) 3

19. Solution PV = 5,000,000 + 5,000,000 + 5,000,000 (1.10) (1.10) 2 (1.10) 3 PV = 4,545,454 + 4,132,231 + 3,756,574 PV = $12,434,259

20. Present Value of an Annuity Equal Annual Cash Flows If the net cash flows are the same each year: PV = NCF i]n Where: NCF:Net Annual Cash Flow i: Interest calculated each compounding period. n:Number of repayments throughout life of loan/investment.

21. Solution PV = NCF i]n PV = 5,000,000 10%]3 PV = 5,000,000 x 2.4869 PV = $12,434,500

22. Capital Budgeting The planning and financing of capital investments such as: 1.Replacement of Equipment 2.Enhancement of Production Facilities 3.Establishing a New Retail/Production Site.

23. Importance of Capital Budgeting Capital investments usually have the following characteristics. High Cost (relative to the size of the entity) Decision will extend well into the future. Difficult to reverse decision.

24. Capital Budgeting Process Step One Calculate the net annual cash flows. Step Two Apply one of the four evaluation techniques The Payback Method Net Present Value Internal Rate of Return Accounting Rate of Return

25. Step One Calculating Net Annual Cash Flows 1. Estimate life of the project/asset. 2. Estimate cash inflows for each year Additional sales Residual value Cost savings 3. Estimate cash outflows for each year Cost of the project/asset Higher wages, training costs, higher electricity cost 4. Net Cash Flow = Inflow - Outflow

26. Analysis Techniques Payback Method The Payback Method Measures the time it will take the net annual cash flows generated by the investment to recover the cost of the original investment. To Calculate (assuming net cash flows are the same each year): Initial Cost of Investment = ? Years Net Annual Cash flows

27. Analysis Techniques Payback Method The project is acceptable if the payback period is less than a pre-determined period of time. The shorter the payback period the lower the risk of the investment.

28. Analysis Techniques Payback Method Benefits Simple to use and understand. Provides a rough estimate of risk (ie earlier cash flows are less risky than later ones). Firms experiencing cash shortages may need to recover investments quickly.

29. Analysis Techniques Payback Method Limitations Ignores the time value of money. Payback method ignores cash flows after the point at which the initial cash outlay has been received. Discriminates against projects with long gestation periods: Environmental Technology Robotic Equipment

30. Analysis Techniques Net Present Value (NPV) Step 1 Calculate the present value of the net annual cash flows. Step 2 Calculate the present value of the cost of the project/asset. Step 3 NPV = Answer to Step 1 – Answer to Step 2

31. Analysis Techniques Net Present Value If NPV ≧ 0 : Project is acceptable The amount of any positive NPV represents the immediate increase in the entity’s wealth that will result from accepting the project.

32. Analysis Techniques Net Present Value Benefits The time-value of money is considered. The entire life of the project is included in the analysis.

33. Qualitative Factors Qualitative factors must also be taken into consideration before a capital investment is made. Examples of qualitative factors include: Increase in the quality of the product. Introduction of labour saving machinery may be deferred due to union opposition. Higher ranked projects may require greater resources ie more labour or management supervision.