1. Basic Hand Tools
ELT
COLLISION REPAIR

2. Goals identify and describe use of common hand tools
identify and describe use of vices and clamps
identify and describe use of selected specialty tools
describe safe use of tools
describe maintenance and storage of tools

4. ¼ Inch Drive Available in 6 or 12 point sockets
Shallow, semi-deep and deep sockets available
Maximum torque range is approx. 20 ft lbs.

5. 3/8 Drive Sockets come in 6 and 12 point varieties
Shallow, semi deep, and deep sockets
Maximum torque range is approx. 60 ft lbs.

6. Universals Come in all sizes, ¼, 3/8, and ½” Impact or chrome finish
Allow access to difficult to reach fasteners

7. Sockets
Shallow
Semi-deep
Deep
6 point
12 point
Impact
Chrome

8. Sockets Available in shallow, semi-deep and deep configurations
Impact or chrome finish
6, 8, or 12 point types

9. Identify Basic Hand Tools

10. Wrenches
Top quality wrenches are forged from fine-grade tool steel, machined to close tolerances, hardened and tempered for long service life.
Types include open-end, box- end, combination box/open end, adjustable, socket and locking grip styles.

11. Box open
Double open ended
Double box end

12. Offset wrench
40°

13. 6 and 12 point ends
See how much greater flexibility a 12 point box end gives the operator
12 point gives the advantage of moving the fastener in 30° degree increments as opposed to 60° for the 6 point

14. Box-end Wrenches Made to grip all sides of nut or bolt head
Prevents slippage
Must be slipped over the end of nut or bolt-head
Box end wrenches will normally have two different sizes per wrench
Size of wrench refers to nut or bolt head dimensions

15. Box-end Wrenches Available as 6 or12 point design
6 point gives better grip
12 point gives more versatility as it is only required to turn 300 to its next available position while 6 point must turn 600
Available as ratchet design

17. Open-end wrenches
do not provide as strong a grip as a box-ended wrench
slip on the nut or bolt head from the side
two flat surfaces parallel to each other hold onto parallel sides of nut or bolt-head
tend to slip or round the corners if too much pressure is required
easier to use most instances

18. Double Open End Wrench angle may vary from 15-80 degrees
Wrench will have two different sizes listed on the handle

20. Combination Wrench box end on one end and open end on the other
both ends will usually be the same size
gives the advantage of wrench that will not slip as easily to start a nut, but one that is easier to slide on and off the nut once it has been loosened

22. Adjustable Wrench (crescent wrench)
has provision for adjusting the opening for different size nuts or bolt heads
length of wrench will correspond with jaw capacity
do not use where components are tight and will require sizeable force to break them free

23. Adjustable Wrench
unless jaw is tightened to nut, etc, there is potential for slipping on fastener, which will usually damage fastener
do not use on brass or soft material

24. Adjustable Wrench for light loads can be used in either direction
greatest strength is with pressure being applied to side of wrench with fixed jaw
adjustment mechanism should be cleaned periodically and lightly oiled

26. Tubing Wrench half way between a box-end and combination wrench
designed to grab on five of the six sides of a fitting
especially designed for used on line fittings
always use for brass and copper fittings
less chance of damage to fitting

28. Socket Wrench come in a great variety
designed to fit around the fastener and give force to all sides
will fit into recesses
have swivel attachments
deep sockets where longer number of threads are showing

31. Socket Wrench different number of points available
4 and 8 point sockets are designed for 4 sided fasteners
6 and 12 point sockets are designed for 6 sided fasteners
4 and 6 point sockets will be stronger because of the amount of metal

32. Socket Wrench two types of construction - regular and impact
impact sockets are designed for use with impact wrenches
thicker walls and heavier construction allow them to absorb the shock of an impact gun
impact sockets are not chrome plated as the plating may crack and flake off
never use regular sockets with impact tool

33. Socket Wrench sockets attach to a handle with a square drive
common drive sizes range from 1/4” to 3/4”
drive handle are the same for both metric and imperial
several types of handles available
flex handle, ratchet, speed
many adapters available
extensions, u-joints etc.

38. Pipe Wrench used for turning pipe and other round objects
teeth on the jaw will dig into the the material being tightened and may damage it
do not use a pipe wrench to turn a bolt or a nut unless the components is already damaged
do no use on hardened surfaces - may dull or chip the jaw teeth

40. Hexagon Key Wrench (Allen Wrench)
Six sides - L-shaped
fit into a hexagon hole in a Allen screw
available as imperial or metric
sized according to distance between parallel sides
available as socket style wrenches

41. Hexagon Key Wrench (Allen Wrench)
use the short end of the wrench on the screw for breaking loose or final tightening
use the long end of the wrench in the screw to spin the tools quickly for fast removal and install of allen screw
Allen screws usually need to be only released one or two turns to loosen the part they are holding

44. Maintaining Wrenches
Keep clean - dirty wrenches can slip and cause damage and contamination of the work piece
Always use the correct size and type of wrench for the job
Do not use a hammer on a wrench
Do not use a pipe or other means of extending a wrench for greater leverage

45. Maintaining Wrenches (cont’d)
Adjustable wrenches and pipe wrenches should be cleaned and lightly oiled
Do not use a wrench as a hammer
Do not use a socket as a bushing driver
Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be reconditioned when the tip becomes damaged
Grind back to obtain a true hexagon shape

46. Maintaining Wrenches (cont’d)
Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be reconditioned when the tip becomes damaged
Grind back to obtain a true hexagon size and shape
Keep cool during grinding to avoid removing temper

47. Pliers pliers available as many different types and sizes
used for holding, gripping, cutting, and crimping
usually forged from hardened steel and then machined

48. Slip-joint Pliers most common general purpose pliers
adjusted to two size of jaw openings
jaws have hardened cross teeth to help in gripping the object
jaws can damage soft materials
never use pliers for turning nuts or bolts
teeth will round off corners and damage bolt or nut

51. Interlocking Slip-joint Pliers
commonly referred to as water pump pliers or channel locks
can be opened to a number of positions while keeping the jaws parallel with each other
longer handles to aid in gripping when opened for larger objects

53. Needle-nose Pliers available in a variety of sizes
some incorporate a wire cutter
used to hold objects that are in tight confines, etc.
available as round nose pliers
useful for bending wires into curves

56. Side Cutting Pliers diagonal cut head or face
hardened steel cutting edges
allow to cut wire etc. close to the surface

59. Locking Pliers commonly called vise-grips
useful for holding panels or sheet metal in place
can hold objects in place when you are working alone and cannot reach both inside and outside at same time
Very common in Collision Repair
straight, curved, needle nose, flat

62. Specialized Pliers many different types of pliers available
electrical pliers (cutters, strippers and crimpers)
battery terminal pliers
ignition pliers
snap ring pliers

63. Electrical Pliers Cutters, strippers and crimpers
available for different types of wire
some are multi-function
better quality units are individual such as stripper or cutter only

67. Snap Ring Pliers
two types - external snap rings and external snap rings
internal snap rings require contracting jaws
external snap rings require expanding jaws
some will have serrated jaw surfaces to prevent the snap ring from slipping, while others have tips on the end of the jaws to fit in holes in the snap rings

70. Metal Cutting Snips Available in several different styles
Aviation snips come in red, green and yellow
red and green typically to cut curves
red and green cutting different directions of curve

71. Metal Cutting Snips (cont’d)
Using these snips the jaws are curved so that the metal being cut off will curve up out of the way
the whole snip, except lower jaw will be above the material being cut
this will mean that you do need both red and green depending on the direction that you are cutting through the material

72. Metal Cutting Tools

73. Metal Cutting Tools
Aviation Shears
Tin Snips

74. Maintaining Pliers
Pliers are not made to withstand pressures greater than normal hand pressure
Never attempt to cut large screws or bolts with electrical or side cutter pliers
Never attempt to cut hardened material with pliers
Never put excessive side pressure on needle-nose pliers

75. Maintaining Pliers (cont’d)
Never use pliers for turning nuts and bolts, as the teeth will round off the corners and damage the nut or bolt
Lubricate the swivel point with a light oil
Keep the pliers clean

76. Screwdrivers great variety of screwdrivers types and sizes available
length of screwdriver is measured form to to where handle joins the blade
shorter screwdrivers known as stubbies
most screwdrivers bits available for screw guns or as socket wrenches

78. Blade Screwdrivers
blade screwdrivers are made to fit screws with a single slot
size of screw head and slot are the deciding factors for the screwdriver selection
screwdriver blade should fit the slot both in width and depth

79. Blade Screwdrivers
too thin of a blade is likely to damage the screwdriver
too thick of a blade is likely to damage the screw
too wide of a blade is likely to damage the material around the screw head
too narrow of a blade is likely to damage the screwdriver

81. Phillips Screwdrivers
tip is shaped as an X or cross
the size of the screwdriver blade must correspond to the size of the screw head
sizes 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available
0 being the smallest and 4 being the largest
using the wrong size screwdriver may damage screw, screwdriver and surface

83. Robertson Screwdrivers
tips in the shape of a square with screw having a recess for tip
size of screwdriver must correspond to the size of screw
sizes 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available
handles are color coordinated for ease of selection

84. Robertson Screwdrivers
orange 00 no. 1 & 2 screws
yellow 0 no. 3 & 4 screws
green 1 no. 5, 6, & 7 screws
red 2 no. 8, 9, & 10 screws
black 3 no. 12 & 14 screws
black 4 no. 16 & larger

86. Clutch Screwdrivers screwdriver head and tip must match
not common in the automotive industry
some U.S. built RV coaches use them
available in 6 sizes from 3/32” to 5/16”

88. Torx Screwdrivers screw head and screwdriver tip must match
looks like an allen wrench will fit, but they are not compatible
very strong type of head
available as socket wrenches for a more positive drive even with impact drivers

90. Maintaining Screwdrivers
Always use the right type of screwdriver for the screw
Always use the right size of screwdriver head for the screw
Never use a screwdriver as a punch, prying tool, scraper of chisel
screwdrivers that are damaged or the wrong size or type may damage the user or the material being worked on or the screw head

91. Maintaining Screwdrivers (cont’d)
Screwdriver bits are available for use in reversible drills
Screwdriver bits are also available as sockets, to enable you to put more torque on a fitting

92. Drill bits
Drill bits are available in clockwise and counter clockwise rotation for different applications
boring holes, bolt extraction
Other types may have specific applications for cutting different materials
metal, plastic, wood

93. Common Body Shop Drill Bits
Conventional bit

94. Stepped Drill Bit

95. Twist drill lip clearance angle margin flute land flute cutting lip
10-12°
margin
flute
land
flute
cutting lip
dead centre

96. Twist Drill