1. Early Years of the War and The Emancipation Proclamation
Chapter 13, Section 2 & 3
The American Journey, Glencoe

2. First Battle of Bull Run
First major battle of Civil War
Fought in northern Virginia
Union had about 30,000 men
Most volunteers; all inexperienced
Confederacy had about 20,000 troops
Yankees held off the Rebels until they rallied & were inspired by General “Stonewall” Jackson troops that came as reinforcements
Union forced to retreat to Washington, D.C.

3. First Battle of Bull Run
General Stonewall Jackson

4. A Shock for the North
Outcome of First Bull Run shocked the North, but Lincoln reacted with a call for more volunteers for the army
Northerners woke up to the reality of war
This would be a long conflict
Lincoln appointed General George B. McClellan to head the Union army of the east (or Army of the Potomac)
McClellan began training 150,000 troops

5. War at Sea
Lincoln had ordered a naval blockade of Southern ports to try to prevent the South from exporting its cotton & from importing supplies
Southerners planned to challenge the blockade
The Monitor Versus the Merrimack
Southerners transformed the Merrimack, a former Union warship, by covering it with thick iron plates, and renamed it the Virginia
This ironclad, or warship, went to battle against the Monitor (the Union ironclad), but neither ship would sink
This battle marked a new age in naval warfare

6. Monitor vs. Merrimack

7. War in the West

8. Early Victories for the North
North’s primary goal in the West was to gain control the Mississippi & Tennessee Rivers
Union operations centered at Cairo, Illinois under General Ulysses S. Grant
Grant was able to capture Fort Henry on Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland
Grant demands an “unconditional surrender”
Grant becomes the North’s new hero
These victories opened a path for Union troops to march into Tennessee, Mississippi, & Alabama

9. Capture of Fort Henry
General Grant
Fort Donelson

10. Battle of Shiloh
April, 1862
Fought near Corinth, Mississippi – an important railroad junction
Confederate forces launch surprise attack on morning of April 6, 1862
Bloodiest battle in the war so far
Union able to defeat the Confederates on second day & win control of Corinth later on May 30
More than 20,000 casualties (people who are killed or wounded)

11. New Orleans Falls April 25, 1862
Union naval forces under David Farragut captured New Orleans, Louisiana, the South’s largest city
This meant that the Confederacy could no longer use the river to carry its goods to sea
At this point, the Union controlled almost the entire Mississippi River

12. War in the East General McClellan led army in east
Peninsular Campaign – McClellan moved & readied his troops over several weeks to make an attack on Richmond, Virginia
Lincoln was frustrated by General McClellan
He was not an aggressive general
General Robert E. Lee commanded the Rebels
Seven Day’s Battle – series of encounters between Rebels and Yankees
Union troops failed to capture Richmond

13. War in the East, continued
Lincoln orders McClellan & his troops to pull back to northern Virginia
Confederate General Stonewall Jackson moved his troops to attack the supply base at Manassas, VA
Second Battle at Bull Run – August 29, 1862
Confederate victory & Richmond was no longer threatened

14. Lee Enters Maryland
Following these Southern victories, Confederate Pres. Jefferson Davis ordered Lee to launch an offensive (or attack) into Maryland (NW of Washington, D.C.)
In pursuit of Lee’s troops, two Union soldiers found a copy of Lee’s orders for his army
Now McClellan knew exactly what Lee planned to do
He learned that Lee’s army was divided into 4 parts

15. Battle of Antietam Sept. 17, 1862
Single bloodiest day of the entire war
20,000 soldiers dead or wounded
The next day, Lee withdrew his troops which allowed the Union troops to claim victory
Lincoln is still disappointed with McClellan – He replaces him in November, 1862
General Ambrose Burnsides takes over the Army of the Potomac

16. Effects of the Battle of Antietam
The British were just about ready to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation, but the Union victory at Antietam changed their minds
South lost its best chance at gaining international recognition & support
Pres. Lincoln used the battle to take action against slavery

17. Emancipation
Prior to the Battle of Antietam, the Northerners’ main goal is to preserve the Union rather than to end slavery
Pres. Lincoln considered slavery immoral, but was reluctant to move against slavery because of the border states (slave states that remain in the Union)
As the war went on, attitudes toward slavery changed
Northerners thought slavery was helping with war effort in South
Enslaved people were raising crops & digging trenches at army camps

18. Antietam & the Proclamation
Emancipate = to free
Even before the proclamation, more than 100,000 African Americans left slavery for safety of Union
By summer of 1862 Lincoln had decided to free all enslaved African Americans in South….. But he waited for the right time to announce it
Lincoln makes the announcement following Union victory at Antietam
Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863

19. Effects of the Proclamation
It applied only to areas that the Confederacy controlled
No slaves were freed at this point by the Proclamation
It did not free those that lived in slave states that supported the Union
Lincoln hoped that enslaved people would hear about the proclamation & would run from their owners
Help keep the British & the French from supporting the Confederacy – made slavery “the” issue
1865 – Congress passed the 13th Amendment that truly freed enslaved Americans

20. Questions Why was control of the Mississippi River important?
What was the importance of the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam?
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
What did the 13th Amendment do that the Emancipation Proclamation did not do?