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THE CIVIL WAR THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 Adapted from Mr. Long’s Presentation http://apushppt.wikispaces.com/
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GUIDING QUESTIONS How did the Union win the war? How did the Union win the war? How did the Civil War change the United States politically, socially and economically? How did the Civil War change the United States politically, socially and economically?
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THE SECESSION CRISIS
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1860 Presidential Election Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat
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1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results
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Election of 1860: Popular Vote Percentages
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Secession: The Lower South secession “fire-eaters” Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis
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Crittenden Compromise Senator John J. Crittenden
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Lincoln’s Inauguration, March 4, 1861 Lincoln’s position on secession Lincoln’s position on secession Lincoln’s Inauguration, March 4, 1861
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Lincoln’s inaugural address in front of the Capitol
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U.S. Capitol, 1860
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Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
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Secession & the Upper South
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Slavery & Secession % Whites in Slave- owning Families % Slaves in Population Original Confederate States 38%47% Upper South States that Later Joined the Confederacy 24%32% Border States Remaining in Union 14%15% Source: Henretta, et al., America’s History, 5 th ed.
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TWO SOCIETIES AT WAR
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The Divided Nation
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United States Flag in 1863
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Lincoln Feb. 23, 1861 (Library of Congress) Lincoln by Alexander Gardner, 1861 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Confederate States of America Official Flags 1865 1861-1863 1863-1865
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Confederate Battle Flags Eastern Army Battle Flag Navy flag
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Jefferson Davis, President, CSA
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Comparing the North & the South
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Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
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Resources : North vs. South
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Railroad Lines, 1860
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Overview of Civil War Strategy “Anaconda” Plan v Aggressive Defense/Attrition Overview of Civil War Strategy “Anaconda” Plan v Aggressive Defense/Attrition
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Confederacy –War of Attrition –Foreign Intervention –Influence Northern Public Opinion/Politics –Blockade Runners –The “Trent Affair” –Cotton Embargo
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Characteristics of War Old Methods/New Tech Rifled Weapons Repeating Carbines Trench Warfare?
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THE WAR IN THE EAST 1861-1862
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Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas), July, 1861
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Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson
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The Battle of the Ironclads, M arch, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac
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USS Monitor Deck and Turret
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The War in the East: 1861-1862
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Union General George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee General, CSA
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The War in the East: 1861-1862
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The Battle of Antietam September 1862 Bloody Lane (Library of Congress) Bloodiest single day of the war: Union: 12,410 casualties, double those of D-Day (June 6, 1944) Lee lost 10,700 men, 25% of his Army. Tactical draw, strategic victory – McClellan halted Lee’s invasion. Enabled Lincoln to an- nounce his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation 5 days later. Along with the Emancipa- tion Proclamation, caused Great Britain to rethink recognizing the C.S.A.
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After Antietam Lincoln Meets with McClellan and Staff
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Union General Ambrose Burnside
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DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENTS
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Opposition and Lincoln’s Response Peace Democrats “copperheads” Clement L. Vallandigham Republicans: moderate vs. “radical” Lincoln’s use of executive power habeas corpus martial law Ex parte Milligan (1866)
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Significant Legislation Passed in Congress Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Income tax Legal Tender Act (1862) “greenbacks” - $430+ million National Banking Acts (1863 & 1864) Pacific Railway Acts (1862 & 1864) Union Pacific Railroad Co. Central Pacific Railroad Co. Homestead Act (1862) Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Emancipation Proclamation (1862) Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Income tax Legal Tender Act (1862) “greenbacks” - $430+ million National Banking Acts (1863 & 1864) Pacific Railway Acts (1862 & 1864) Union Pacific Railroad Co. Central Pacific Railroad Co. Homestead Act (1862) Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Emancipation Proclamation (1862)
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New York Draft Riots - Battle in Second Avenue (Collection of Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Mobilizing Armies & Social Unrest Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Conscription Act (March 1863) New York City Draft Riots (July 1863) Recruiting station, New York City
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Role of Women and Health U.S. Sanitary Commission Dorothea Dix Nurses – Clara Barton women at home
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Election of 1864 Abraham Lincoln and son Tad, February 1864 (Library of Congress) George B. McClellan Union Party Andrew Johnson George B. McClellan
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Presidential Election of 1864
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Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address March 4, 1865
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A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM The Civil War and African-Americans
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Civil War and African-Americans Conservative Republican view Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens – Rep PA Charles Sumner – Senator Mass Benjamin Wade – Senator OH Confiscation Act “contraband of war”
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Civil War and African-Americans Emancipation Proclamation Did Lincoln “free the slaves”? “a high crime against the Constitution”
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Emancipation in 1863
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The Southern View of Emancipation
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Civil War and African-Americans 54th Massachusetts Infantry Thirteenth Amendment
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African American recruiting poster
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FROM GETTYSBURG TO APPOMATTOX 1 863- 1 865
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Civil War in the West General Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant Shiloh Shiloh New Orleans New Orleans Admiral David Farragut Admiral David Farragut Vicksburg (May 19-July 4, 1863)
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Seige of Vicksburg
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The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
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The Road to Gettysburg 1863
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Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Decisive Battle of the War Largest Battle ever in U.S.- 172,000 troops (97,000 in Union Army of the Potomac; 75,000 Conf. Army of N. Va.) Most casualties of any battle (51,000 combined) 569 tons of ammunition Over 5,000 dead horses
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Gettysburg Little Round Top, July 1863
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"A Harvest of Death“: Gettysburg After the Battle
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Dedication of Gettysburg National Cemetery, Nov. 1863
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Gettysburg: Dedication of National Cemetery, Nov. 1863
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Lincoln at Gettysburg
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Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address November 1863
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The War in the South, 1863-1865 Chattanooga Lookout Mountain & Missionary Ridge (Nov. 1863) William T. Sherman Atlanta (Sept. 1864) “March to the Sea” Union General William T. Sherman
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Ruined railway near Atlanta, destroyed by Sherman’s troops
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The Progress of War: 1861-1865
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War in the East, 1864-1865 Wilderness Campaign (May-June 1864) Seige of Petersburg ( June 1864- Apr 2, 1865) Fall of Richmond Ulysses S. Grant at Cold Harbor Virginia, June 1864
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Richmond April 1865 After Burning by Union Forces
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Richmond April 1865
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Richmond, April 1865
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Surrender Lee’s Surrender, Appomattox Court House ( April 9, 1865) McClain House, Appomattox C.H., April 1865
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Surrender at Appomattox
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Capture of Jefferson Davis, May 10, 1865
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War Deaths
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Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars
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GUIDING QUESTIONS How did the Union win the war? How did the Union win the war? How did the Civil War change the United States politically, socially and economically? How did the Civil War change the United States politically, socially and economically?
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While the Cats are Away… Republicans ram through: –Homestead Act –’62 –Pacific RR Act (Transcontinental) – ‘62 –Morrill Tariff Act – ‘62 –Freedmen’s Bureau – ’65 Final victory of the Federalists?
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IMPORTANT RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR POLITICALECONOMICSOCIAL
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POLITICALECONOMICSOCIAL
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Sources Library of Congress – Prints and Photographs Division Online Catalog - http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/pphome.html http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/pphome.html Africans in America – PBS - http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/rb_index_hd.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/rb_index_hd.html Civil War – Ken Burns, PBS American Civil War.com - http://americancivilwar.com/index.htmlhttp://americancivilwar.com/index.html Smithsonian Institution, Online Collections - http://civilwar.si.edu/collections.html http://civilwar.si.edu/collections.html Library of Congress – Online Exhibits – Gettysburg Address - http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/ Susan Pojer, “Civil War Through Maps and Charts” www.historyteacher.net www.historyteacher.net
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