1. The Civil War:
(Unit III, Segment 2 of 3)

2. Essential Question:
What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War?
Warm-Up Question:
If the Union had more troops, industry, & transportation when the Civil War began, what should their war strategy be?

3. Secession of the Southern States
Lincoln's election in 1860 brought the Southern states to the point of secession and Lincoln to a fateful question:
Should he allow peaceful secession or should he coerce the rebels to stay in the Union?

4. First Inaugural Address
“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have an oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ‘preserve, protect, and defend it.”
“I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”

5. Secession in the South
The failed Crittenden Compromise in 1860
Lincoln’s election led to secession by 7 states in the Deep South but that did not necessarily mean “civil war”
Two things had to happen first:
One last failed attempt to reconcile the North & South
The North had to use its military to protect the Union
Fort Sumter, South Carolina

6. The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861
The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a death sentence & did not secede immediately
Some Northerners thought the U.S. would be better off if the South was allowed to peacefully secede
SC seceded on Dec 20,1860
The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861
“Lame duck” Buchanan took no action to stop the South from seceding

7. The Decision to Secede

8. Secession & the Formation of the Confederate States of America
The CSA constitution resembled the U.S., but with 4 key changes: (1) it protected states’ rights, (2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs
On Feb 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America were formed
Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected CSA president
Some wished to “let the South depart in peace”

9. The Start of the Civil War, 1861
When Lincoln was elected in 1860, 7 Southern states seceded from the Union & formed the Confederate States of America
The Start of the Civil War, 1861
4 more Southern states seceded in 1861 when Lincoln called for military volunteers to “preserve the Union”
The Civil War began when Fort Sumter was fired upon by Confederate soldiers

13. Fort Sumter Flag

14. Portrait of Pvt. Ira Fish, 150th New York Infantry, U.S.A.
The Civil War Soldier
Portrait of Pvt. Sampson Altman, Jr., Company C, 29th Regiment Georgia Volunteers, C.S.A.
Pvt. Altman fought in the battle of Shiloh, died April 23, 1863 from disease.
Portrait of Pvt. Ira Fish, 150th New York Infantry, U.S.A.
Wounded at Gettysburg

15. Northern Advantages
At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages:
Larger population for troops
Greater industrial capacity
Huge edge in RR transportation
Problem for the North:
Had to invade the South to win
Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & support for war over time

16. Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

17. “King Cotton” diplomacy
Southern Advantages
Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages:
President Davis knew that they did not have to “win” the war; the South only had to drag out the fight & make the North quit
Had the best military leaders
England & France appeared more willing to support the South
“King Cotton” diplomacy
Robert E “Stonewall” J.E.B.
Lee Jackson Stuart

18. Union Strategy
The Union strategy during the war was called the Anaconda Plan:
Blockade the coast, seize the Mississippi River to divide the South, & take Richmond
Exploit South’s dependency on foreign trade & its inability to manufacture weapons
Relied on Northern advantages in population, industry, & military production

19. Take the CSA capital at Richmond Take control of the Mississippi River
George McClellan was in charge of Army of the Potomac
Ulysses Grant in the West
Blockade the Southern coast
Divide the West from South

20. Confederate Strategy
The Confederate strategy during the war was an Offensive / Defense:
Protect Southern territory from “Northern aggression” but attack into Union territory when the opportunity presents itself
Get Britain & France to join their cause because of European dependency on “King Cotton”
Drag out the war as long as possible to make the North quit

22. Political Leadership During the Civil War
During the Civil War, President Jefferson Davis had a difficult time:
The CSA Constitution protected states’ rights so state governors could refuse to send him money or troops
CSA currency inflated by 7,000%
During the Civil War, President Lincoln used “emergency powers” to protect “national security”:
Suspended habeas corpus (Laws requiring evidence before citizens can be jailed)
Closed down newspapers
that did not support the war
The national government in the USA & CSA relied on volunteer armies in the beginning, but soon needed conscription (draft) to supply their armies with troops

24. New York City Draft Riots

25. Fighting the Civil War 1861-1865

26. Fighting the Civil War: 1861-1865
From 1861 to mid-1863, the Confederate army was winning the Civil War:
Defensive strategy carried out by superior Southern generals like Robert E. Lee & “Stonewall” Jackson
Disagreements among military & political leaders in the North

27. Bull Run (Manassas), 1861: The 1st battle of the Civil War; Stonewall Jackson kept the Union army from taking the CSA capital at Richmond

28. Seven Pines, 1862 (CSA)
Seven Days, 1862 (CSA)
2nd Bull Run, 1862 (CSA)
Shiloh, 1862 (USA)
From , the CSA had success in the East, but the USA had success in the West
New Orleans, 1862 (USA)

29. Antietam, 1862: General Lee’s 1st attempt to attack outside the CSA was halted by McClellan

30. Antietam, 1862
Even though the Battle of Antietam ended without a clear winner, it had important effects on the North:
The battle convinced Britain & France not to support the Confederacy in the war
The battle convinced Lincoln that the time was right to make the emancipation of slaves the new focus of the war for the North

31. Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
23,000 casualties

32. Emancipation Proclamation
After Antietam, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation:
This executive order freed all slaves in Confederate territories
It did not free slaves in the border states, however it gave the North a new reason fight
Inspired Southern slaves to escape which forced Southern whites to worry about their farms
“…all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom...”

33. States Impacted by the Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation in 1863

34. Escaped slaves in NC coming into Union lines
Lincoln, “The Great Emancipator”

35. African-American Recruiting Poster

36. The Famous 54th Massachusetts

37. African Americans in Civil War battles

38. After Antietam, the Confederates continued to win in the East
Fredericksburg, 1862 (CSA)
Chancellorsville, The Confederates won, but Stonewall Jackson was killed; Lee said of Jackson: “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm”
After Antietam, the Confederates continued to win in the East

39. Despite being outnumbered & under-equipped, the CSA dominated the fighting in the East from due to better generals & a defensive strategy
But, the Union Army was having success in the West under the leadership of Ulysses S. Grant
Conclusions:
By mid-1863, the weight of the Northern population & industrial capacity will begin to turn the tide of the war in favor of the Union

40. Fighting the Civil War: 1863-1865
When the Civil War began, most expected the fighting to end quickly, but the war lasted until 1865 due to:
The commitment of the Union & Confederacy to “total war”
Excellent Southern generals like Robert E. Lee
Improved, industrial weaponry

41. New Weapons but Old Tactics
Long-range artillery & the Gatling gun (1st machine gun)
Cone-shaped bullets & grooved barrel rifles for more accuracy
Ironclad naval ships like the USS Monitor & CSS Virginia
Old tactics such as massed formations & frontal assaults
Led to huge casualty rates

42. Dead on the Battlefield

43. Dead on the Battlefield

44. Ex. Clara Barton future founder of the American Red Cross
Fighting “Total War”
Women took gov’t jobs as bookkeepers, clerks & secretaries; A number of women also served as spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA)
The Civil War was the world’s 1st “total war” in which the entire economy was devoted to winning:
North & South employed female workers to meet supply demands
Women’s most prominent role was as nurses on the battlefield: distributing medical supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering comfort to wounded or dying soldiers
Ex. Clara Barton future founder of the American Red Cross

45. The Tide of the War Turns in 1863
By 1863, the Confederacy was having difficulty sustaining the fight:
Attempts to lure Britain & France into the war had failed
The Union blockade, limited Southern manufacturing, & lack of grain fields left CSA soldiers ill-supplied
To pay for the war, the CSA printed money leading to massive inflation

46. Gettysburg, 1863: In July, Robert E Lee decided to take advantage of his victory at Chancellorsville & attack Northern soil to end the war quickly by crushing Union morale
Vicksburg, 1863: Grant cut off Southern access to Mississippi River & divided the South into two halves (considered the other “turning point” in the war); Grant was then promoted to lead the entire Union army
Gettysburg proved to be the turning point of the war; Lee was halted, the CSA never again attacked Union soil, & the Union army began winning the war

47. Gettysburg Address

48. The principles that our government were founded upon
We need to make sure that the Union wins the Civil War in order to preserve our form of gov’t
This Civil War is a test to see if these principles will last, because other republics have failed

49. Fighting the Civil War: 1863-1865
Under Grant’s leadership, the Union army was more aggressive & committed to destroy the South’s will to fight:
Grant appointed William T. Sherman to lead the Southern campaign
Sherman destroyed everything of value to the South & emancipated slaves during his “march to the sea”

50. Sherman considered “total war”necessary to defeat the South
The Battle of Atlanta was a huge victory for the Union because it took out a major Southern railroad terminus

52. Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural
“With malice towards none; with charity for all… let us strive to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow; and his orphan – to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations.”
After his speech Lincoln said, “I am a tired man. Sometimes I think I am the tiredest man on earth.”

53. Appomattox, 1865: Grant defeated Lee at Appomattox ending the Civil War

54. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the fighting of
Civil War

55. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

56. The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth

57. The Assassination

58. WANTED~~!!

59. “Now He Belongs to the Ages!” -- Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War

60. Funeral March

61. The Execution

62. Effects of the War Effects of the Civil War:
620,000 troops were dead; More than any other U.S. war
The 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865 ending slavery
The war forever ended the states’ rights argument
The South was destroyed; A plan was needed to admit Southern states back into the Union

63. Conclusions The turning point of the war: 1863
The Civil War began as a conflict “to preserve the Union,” but by 1863 it became a war for human liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued)
The South dominated the early campaigns of the war due, but by 1863 (Gettysburg & Vicksburg) the weight of Northern industry & population wore down the South