1. Water Cycle and Climate

2. Water Cycle: Water’s never-ending pattern of movement from the surface to the atmosphere and back. Water Cycle

3. energy absorbed or released in a change of state
LATENT HEAT:
energy absorbed or released in a change of state
Water’s Phase Changes: Energy is released during freezing and condensation making the surroundings slightly warmer, and consumed during vaporization and melting making it cooler. (page 1 in tables)

5. Water Cycle Terms
Precipitation: Any form of water that falls from the sky.
Runoff: When water flows across the Earth’s surface. Occurs due to an impermeable surface or heavy precipitation. (accumulates eventually in oceans)
Infiltration: When water seeps into the ground. Occurs when the surface is permeable and the ground is not saturated.
Evaporation: When water is converted into vapor and rises into the atmosphere.
Transpiration: (evapotranspiration) When water evaporates from the leaves of trees, plants, grass etc.
Condensation: When water vapor turns into liquid to form clouds. Requires saturated air and a condensation nuclei.

6. Pore Space: Holes or air pockets in soil or rock layers
Porosity: The percentage of pore space within a material, determined by sorting, packing, and shape of particles.
Permeability: The ability of a substance to allow water to pass through it. Requires pore space and interconnectedness. Permeability
Capillarity: (capillary action) The upward movement of water within a substance. Occurs
In material with small,
but connected pores.

7. Water Table

9. Water Budget: System of moisture income and outgo for an area
Precipitation: main source of water income
Potential Evapotranspiration : water that has the potential to evapotranspire back into the atmosphere (high during the summer)
Storage: (snow piles, ground water and ponds)
Change in storage (usage)
Actual Evapotranspiration: water that actually did evapotranspire back into the atmosphere
Deficit: when the amount evapotranspiration exceeds the amount of precipitation (drought: usually summer)
Surplus: when the amount of precipitation exceeds the amount of potential evapotranspiration (flooding: Spring time rainy season and melting snow piles)

10. When PE greater than P : arid and time of drought or deficit

11. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CLIMATE
1) Latitude: As latitude decreases, the yearly temperature increases. The latitude will also determine the general amount of precipitation that will accumulate due to wet and dry lines being created as a result of diverging and converging winds. (p 14)
2) Nearness to a large body of water or the center of a landmass: Coastal regions have a smaller range in yearly temperature and a greater amount of rainfall. Continental centers have a greater yearly temperature range and less precipitation.
3) Altitude: The higher a location’s elevation, the colder it is.

12. CLIMATE FACTORS CONTINUED
Nearness To a Mountain Range: Locations on the Windward side of a mountain range will be cooler and have much more precipitation while the Leeward side will be arid (dry) and warmer.

13. CLIMATE FACTORS CONTINUED
Ocean Currents: Currents tend to warm temperatures of eastern coastal areas and cool temps. of western coastal locations. Most northern currents flow clockwise while southern currents move counterclockwise.

14. Primary source of energy for earth is the SUN!!!!

15. Insolation: stands for Incoming Solar Radiation
The intensity of sunlight that we get depends on the angle the sun strikes the earth.
The angle of insolation depends on your latitude and the season

16. NYS never receives the 90 degree sunrays because we are too far north.

17. Reason for the Seasons = TILT YouTube - geography seasons

18. Summer Solstice : June 21 Northern hemisphere leaning toward sun Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees North latitude)gets direct sunrays longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere

19. Winter Solstice: December 21 southern hemisphere leaning toward the sun Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degree South Latitude) gets direct sunrays longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere

20. Spring (March 21) and Fall (Sept 21) Equinox neither hemisphere leaning toward the sun equator (O latitude) gets direct sunrays equal hours of day and night from north pole to south pole

22. Insolation and Terrestrial Radiation

23. Insolation: causes a gain in heat on the surface of the earth with short wave radiation
Terrestrial radiation causes a loss of heat back to space with long wave radiation

24. Greenhouse effect: terrestrial radiation trapped by greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere and warming overall surface temperatures
Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor are main Greenhouse gasses

26. Energy Absorption
Solar energy is absorbed by the ground quickly and by the water slowly.
When energy tries to strike the earth’s surface it can be:
Absorbed (best by dark and rough materials)
Reflected (best by light colored and smooth materials)
Scattered (by dust particles and water droplets in atmosphere)

27. Anytime large amounts of dust or smoke ejected into atmosphere it decreases atmospheric transparency and allows for a lot of insolation scattering. This will then decrease overall surface temperatures and perhaps be followed by cooler, rainy season.

28. Ozone: found in upper layers of atmosphere filters dangerous UV radiation Ozone is depleting