1. Introduction to Linux Ubuntu for Libraries

2. Objectives o To Understand the history of Linux/Unix based OS’s o To learn the various Linux distributions o To learn basic fundamental Linux commands

3. History The Linux kernel was originally developed for the Intel 80386, which was developed with multitasking as one of its features. The kernel is the lowest-level core factor of the operating system. The kernel is the code that controls the interface between user programs and hardware devices, the scheduling of processes to achieve multitasking, and many other aspects of the system.

4. History Linus Torvalds, who was then a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, developed Linux in 1991. It was released for free on the Internet and generated the largest software- development phenomena of all time. Created by the Free Software Foundation, the Free Software Foundation offers royalty-free software to programmers and developers. From 1991, Linux quickly developed on hackers' web pages as the alternative to Windows and the more expensive UNIX systems.

5. Open source Linux is legally covered by the GNU General Public License, also known as GPL. GPL allows people to take free software and distribute their own versions of the software. However, the vendors who sell free software cannot restrict the rights of users who purchase the software. In other words, users who buy GPL software can make copies of it and distribute it free of charge or for a fee. Also, distributors of GPL software must make it clear that the software is covered by the GPL and must provide the complete source code for the software at no cost. Linux embodies the Open Source model. Open source applies to software for which the source code is freely available for anyone to download, alter, and redistribute.

6. What is a distribution? Think of it as ice cream flavours - each is unique but are generally similar. Because Linux is open-sourced, there are numerous distributions that programmers have worked on, but the most popular are talked about below. Distributions

7. * Arch Linux, a distribution based on the KISS principle with a rolling release system * CentOS, a distribution derived from the same sources used by Red Hat, maintained by a dedicated volunteer community of developers with both 100% Red Hat - compatible versions and an upgraded version that is not always 100% upstream compatible * Debian, a non-commercial distribution maintained by a volunteer developer community with a strong commitment to free software principles * Fedora which is a community distribution sponsored by Red Hat * Gentoo, a distribution targeted at power users, known for its FreeBSD Ports-like automated system for compiling applications from source code * Knoppix, The first Live CD distribution to run completely from removable media without installation to a hard disk. Derived from Debian * Kubuntu, the KDE version of Ubuntu * Linux Mint, a popular distribution based on and compatible with Ubuntu * Mandriva, a Red Hat derivative popular in France and Brazil, today maintained by the French company of the same name * OpenGEU, derived from Ubuntu: The project's goal is to combine the power of GNOME desktop with the eye-candy of Enlightenment 17. * openSUSE, originally derived from Slackware, sponsored by the company Novell. * PCLinuxOS, a derivative of Mandriva, grew from a group of packages into a popular, community-spawned desktop distribution. *Red Hat Enterprise Linux, which is a derivative of Fedora maintained and commercially supported by Red Hat * Ubuntu, a popular desktop distribution derived from Debian, maintained by Canonical Distributions

8. Why Ubuntu for this course Since we are increasingly employing open systems based on open standards, we have to eliminate any proprietary systems or standards. Ubuntu is supported by a foundation and is also one of the most popular Linux distributions which are based on open source software. Ubuntu is committed to releasing a "long term support" (LTS) version of the distribution every five years. The method of Ubuntu LTS releases allows us to plan for upgrades. In addition, Ubuntu is derived from Debian, the original Linux distribution. Debian is very stable, and has a very large community supporting it. Most Linux distributions are based on open Unix standards.

9. Linux commands Most commands operate like this: $ command -options arguments where command is the name of the command, -options is one or more adjustments to the command's behaviour, and arguments is one or more "things" upon which the command operates. lsls -a-l In the case of ls, we see that ls is the name of the command, and that it can have one or more options, such as -a and -l, and it can operate on one or more files or directories.

10. Linux cheat sheet ls : list directory contents If you want to see files/directories ls If you want to see hidden files/directories (beginning with dot.), the use -a flag. ls -a cd : Change Directory cd../ cd /home/Desktop Remember,. represents the current directory.. represents the parent directory ~ represents the home directory (of the user)

11. Linux cheat sheet cp : Copy Files/Directories cp movie_name.mp4 ~/Downloads/movies/ The above command will copy the movie_name.mp4 to the specified directory. mv : rename or move a file/directory mv file1 ~/Downloads/Archive/ the above command will move the file from the current directory to target directory. mv logo_2.jpg new_logo.jpg it will rename the file to new_logo.jpg. cat : View File contents cat install.log

12. Linux cheat sheet pwd : print the current/working directory pwd /home/Desktop/scripts mkdir : make/create directory. mkdir myfolder rm : remove/delete file/directory rm useless.sh NOTE : it removes directories only if it’s empty, unless you specify -f flag for force deletion. sudo : superuser do, to gain root privilege sudo apt-get install gnome-shell Then enter your user account password, and you would be able to do administrative tasks like root. So if you’re getting any permission error using a command, then adding sudo as a prefix, might help.

13. Linux cheat sheet man : A Reference manual for utils/commands/programs e.g if you want to know more about rm command, then type - man rm wget : Download files from server Wget or wget is very handy in downloading stuffs from internet, over the command line. wget url_of_the_content gksudo : Run GUI Application with Root privilege gksudo nautilus The above command will open nautilus with root privilege. It’s just like sudo, but in GUI mode.

14. Linux cheat sheet apt-get : Command Line Tool for handling packages Options: install – To install package. e.g Install the program MySQL database program sudo apt-get install mysqlserver remove – To remove package sudo apt-get remove mysqlserver update – To update the package cache sudo apt-get update add-apt-repository – To add a PPA (for your favorite Application) e.g add the PPA for the App Eidete (Screencasting program) After, adding the PPA, apt-get update command is required.

15. Linux cheat sheet shutdown : To shutdown the computer from terminal shutdown -h where time can be 0 if you want to shutdown now or specify the exact time such as 10:30. restart : Restart the computer restart Package Management These are Ubuntu Specific commands. It Requires root privilege, so just add the sudo prefix before each command (it will ask for the user password and you’re done!).